Contribution of non-immune cells to activation and modulation of the intestinal inflammation

CURCIARELLO RENATA; CANZIANI KARINA; DOCENA GUILLERMO; MUGLIA CECILIA

Frontiers in Immunology

Frontires Media SA

Lugar: Lausanne; Año: 2019 vol. 10 p. 1 - 10

1664-3224

The mucosal immune system constitutes a physical and dynamic barrier against foreignantigens and pathogens and exerts control mechanisms to maintain intestinal toleranceto the microbiota and food antigens. Chronic alterations of the intestinal homeostasispredispose to inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as InflammatoryBowel Diseases (IBD). There is growing evidence that the frequency and severity ofthese diseases are increasing worldwide, which may be probably due to changes inenvironmental factors. Several stromal and immune cells are involved in this delicateequilibrium that dictates homeostasis. In this review we aimed to summarize the role ofepithelial cells and fibroblasts in the induction of mucosal inflammation in the context ofIBD. It has been extensively described that environmental factors are key players in thisprocess, and the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract is currently being intensivelyinvestigated due to its profound impact the immune response. Recent findings havedemonstrated the interplay between dietary and environmental components, the gutmicrobiome, and immune cells. ?Western? dietary patterns, such as high caloric diets,and pollution can induce alterations in the gut microbiome that in turn affect the intestinaland systemic homeostasis. Here we summarize current knowledge on the influenceof dietary components and air particulate matters on gut microbiome composition,and the impact on stromal and immune cells, with a particular focus on promotinglocal inflammation.