From Ancient Greece to Modern Education: Universality and Lack of Generalization of the Socratic Dialogue

ANDREA P. GOLDIN; LAURA PEZZATTI; ANTONIO M. BATTRO; MARIANO SIGMAN

Mind, Brain, and Education

Wiley-Blackwell

Año: 2011 vol. 5 p. 180 - 185

1751-2271

Two thousand four hundred years ago Socrates gave a remarkable lesson of geometry, perhaps the first detailed record of a pedagogicalmethodin vivo in history [Plato. (2008). Apolog´ı a de S´ocrates. Men´on. Cr´atilo. Madrid: Alianza Editorial]. Socrates asked Meno?s slave 50 questions requiring simple additions or multiplications. At the end of the lesson the student discovered by himself how to duplicate a square using the diagonal of the given one as the side of the new square.We studied empirically the reproducibility of this dialogue in educated adults and adolescents of the 21st century. Our results show a remarkable agreement between Socratic and empiric dialogues. Even in questions inwhich Meno?s slave made amistake, within anunboundednumberof possible erred responses, the vast majority of participants produced the same error as Meno?s slave. Our results show that the Socratic dialogue is built on a strong intuition of human knowledge and reasoning which persists more than 24 centuries after its conception, providing one of the most striking demonstrations of universality across time and cultures. At the same time, they also emphasize its educational failure. After following every single question including Socrates? ??diagonal argument,?? almost 50% of the participants failed to learn the simplest generalization when asked to double the area of a square of different size