Influence of poultry feed processing on mycobiota and ochratoxin and citrinin co-occurrence

PEREYRA C.M, PENA, G.; CAVAGLIERI, L.; KRÜGER, C.D.; KELLER, K.M.; ROSA, C.A.R.; CHIACCHIERA, S.M.; DALCERO, A.M

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA

SOC MEDICINA VETERINARIA ESTADO RIO DE JANEIRO

Año: 2009 vol. 31 p. 51 - 58

0100-2430

  ABSTRACT Pereyra, C.; Pena, G.; Cavaglieri, L.; Krüger, C.D.; Keller, K.M.; Rosa, C.A.R.; Chiacchiera, S.M. & Dalcero, A.M. Influence of poultry feed processing on mycobiota and ochratoxin and citrinin co-occurrence. [Influência do processsamento na micobiota e na co-ocorrência de ocratoxina e citrinina em rações para frangos de corte.] Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 31(1):51-58, 2009. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. E-mail: shalako@ufrrj.br The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of total mycobiota of pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed and to evaluate the natural incidence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in this substrate. Moreover, toxigenic ability of OTA and citrinin producers was evaluated. A total 50 (5 Kg) each poultry feed sample (25 pelleted and 25 not pelleted) were processed. Moderate levels of colony counts were found, they did not exceed the feed hygienic quality limit. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. E-mail: shalako@ufrrj.br The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of total mycobiota of pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed and to evaluate the natural incidence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in this substrate. Moreover, toxigenic ability of OTA and citrinin producers was evaluated. A total 50 (5 Kg) each poultry feed sample (25 pelleted and 25 not pelleted) were processed. Moderate levels of colony counts were found, they did not exceed the feed hygienic quality limit. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. na micobiota e na co-ocorrência de ocratoxina e citrinina em rações para frangos de corte.] Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 31(1):51-58, 2009. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. E-mail: shalako@ufrrj.br The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of total mycobiota of pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed and to evaluate the natural incidence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in this substrate. Moreover, toxigenic ability of OTA and citrinin producers was evaluated. A total 50 (5 Kg) each poultry feed sample (25 pelleted and 25 not pelleted) were processed. Moderate levels of colony counts were found, they did not exceed the feed hygienic quality limit. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. E-mail: shalako@ufrrj.br The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of total mycobiota of pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed and to evaluate the natural incidence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in this substrate. Moreover, toxigenic ability of OTA and citrinin producers was evaluated. A total 50 (5 Kg) each poultry feed sample (25 pelleted and 25 not pelleted) were processed. Moderate levels of colony counts were found, they did not exceed the feed hygienic quality limit. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. mycobiota and ochratoxin and citrinin co-occurrence. [Influência do processsamento na micobiota e na co-ocorrência de ocratoxina e citrinina em rações para frangos de corte.] Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 31(1):51-58, 2009. Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. E-mail: shalako@ufrrj.br The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of total mycobiota of pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed and to evaluate the natural incidence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in this substrate. Moreover, toxigenic ability of OTA and citrinin producers was evaluated. A total 50 (5 Kg) each poultry feed sample (25 pelleted and 25 not pelleted) were processed. Moderate levels of colony counts were found, they did not exceed the feed hygienic quality limit. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. E-mail: shalako@ufrrj.br The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of total mycobiota of pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed and to evaluate the natural incidence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in this substrate. Moreover, toxigenic ability of OTA and citrinin producers was evaluated. A total 50 (5 Kg) each poultry feed sample (25 pelleted and 25 not pelleted) were processed. Moderate levels of colony counts were found, they did not exceed the feed hygienic quality limit. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simultaneous occurrence of two mycotoxins, in feed intended for poultry production. Various mycotoxins may occur simultaneously depending on the environmental and substrate conditions. Considering this coincident production, humans and animals may be exposed to mixtures rather than individual compounds. The first important step in controlling the fungal and mycotoxins contamination in finished feed is to control them in the raw materials from which the feed is prepared in order to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce economic losses and to minimize hazards to human health. isolated from these types of samples, followed by A. niger aggregate. Penicillium decumbens and P. citrinum were the most prevalent species isolated from pelleted and not pelleted poultry feed, respectively. In this study, although the analyzed samples had strains able to produce OTA, CIT or both, only pelleted ones showed natural contamination by OTA and CIT. The present study has shown the simulta