Common garden experiments and SNP genotyping at the extremes of a steep precipitation gradient suggest local adaptation in a Patagonian conifer

FASANELLA, MARIANA; SOUTO, CINTIA P; KITZBERGER, THOMAS; PREMOLI, ANDREA C

BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC

Año: 2024

0024-4074

Plants inhabiting contrasting physical conditions might develop local adaptations overriding the homogenizing effects of gene flow. Hypothesesof local adaptation on phenotypic, genomic, and environmental variation under extreme precipitation regimes were tested in the Patagonianconifer Austrocedrus chilensis. Common garden experiments on progeny and genotype-to-environment association analysis on adults were conducted.Samples consisting of seeds and leaves from adult trees were collected from contrasting dry (DF) and humid (HF) forests along a steepbut short precipitation gradient. Seeds were germinated and seedlings were grown under common garden conditions for 24 months. DNAwas extracted from 75 randomly selected trees from DF and HF, and genotyped by sequencing to obtain single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs). Seedlings from HF outgrew DF ones suggesting genetically based differences. Twenty-four outlier SNP loci differed between DF andHF, whereas neutral genes (3242) showed high levels of admixture. Eight out of the 24 outlier SNPs aligned with transcripts, half of them relatedto drought stress responses, and principal component analysis identified four precipitation-related marker–climate associations. Quantitativeand genomic traits suggested that natural selection maintains divergence under contrasting climatic conditions regardless high gene flow. Thisunderscores the importance of dry forests as reservoirs of drought-tolerant variants to cope with forecasted climate change.