Association between cigarette smoking prevalence and income level: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CASETTA B,; VIDELA AJ,; BARDACH A,; MORELLO P, ; SOTO N,; LEE K, ; CAMACHO PA,; HERMOZA MOQUILLAZA RV,; CIAPPONI A.

WHO TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Lugar: Ginebra; Año: 2016

0512-3054

BACKGROUNDWe included observational studies, published in the last 20 years, with directMETHODSEighty two percent of smokers of the world live in developingStudy supported byTo quantify the association between tobacco consumption, tobaccoexpenditures and morbi-mortality attributed to tobacco, andincome level. Specifically, to compare high-income versus lowerincome groups in terms of smoking prevalence, quantity of tobaccoconsumption, disease incidence and mortality attributed toAIM, p y ,assessment of IL. We searched in the main literature databases, conferences index,tobacco control agencies, and contacted experts. Two independent researchers byregister screened titles and abstracts (agreement >0.9). The full text of selectedstudies and its risk of bias (using a STROBE-based checklist) were assessed by tworesearches. One reviewer extracted data, and a second one checked it.Disagreements were solved by consensus.We conducted a random effects meta-analysis based on adjusted OR using Stata9.0. We performed pre-planned subgroup and sensitivity analysis to evaluateheterogeneity (I2>50%) by calendar decade, continent, WHO region, countrystandardized mortality rate, risk of bias, gender, and age.RESULTSg y p p gcountries. Several studies have found an association betweenincome level (IL) and tobacco consumption and its consequences,but the strength of it varies over time and among different regionsof the world.tobacco and household expenditure on tobacco as a percentage of O f 9575 f fi ll i ldd 137 i l (86% i ltotal household expenditure.