Disertación Simposio: Mitigación: ayuda arraigada en el suelo

LUGO M. A.

Mendoza

Simposio; XXXIV Reunión Científica de la Soc. de Biología de Cuyo, Mitigación del impacto ambiental adverso en el agroecosistema, aporte de las Ciencias Biológicas; 2016

Sociedad de Biología de Cuyo

MITIGATION: HELP ROOTED IN SOILM A LugoLaboratorio de Micología, Diversidad e Interacciones Fúngicas-ÁREA ECOLOGÍA, FQByF-UNSL/IMIBIO-CONICET. Ejército de los Andes 950, Bloque I, 2do Piso, 5700 San Luis.Considering global change, technological changes and substitutions trending to reduce energy inputs and greenhouse-gas-emissions (GHG) per unit of ecosystem output are called mitigation. Strategies that conduce to mitigation include reduced use of fossil fuels, capture of CH4 and C sequestration in agriculture and forestry, reduced inputs of chemical fertilizers, and efficient use of water resources. Land uses contribute almost 1/3 of global GHG, mostly from deforestation and agriculture. Soil concept has been changed from a simple physical and nutritional substrate for plant growth to a complex ecosystem, harboring diverse microorganism communities interrelated between them and with the plants roots. Soil biodiversity is huge, including bacteria and fungi directly related to mitigation purposes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycota) are cosmopolitan and important components of soil microbial communities of terrestrial ecosystems, including agroecosystems. These mutualistic symbionts colonize the roots of 80% of terrestrial plants, including most crops, and increase host resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors (drought, heavy metals, salinity, and pathogens). AMF improve plant growth by supply of essential nutrients (P, N, K) with low availability from soil, through a network of hyphae that captures and transports them interconnecting different hosts species and translocating nutrients in the plant community and increase soil fertility, also aggregated soil particles and reducing soil erosion by production of glomalin. Different agricultural practices / land use affect them, influencing their diversity and, therefore, the productivity of agroecosystems. AMF play key roles in soil ecosystems, which allow them to provide ecosystem services suppliers as plant productivity, increase tolerance of crops to abiotic stress, decrease the use of chemical fertilizers, increase the quality of the plant product for human health, bioaccumulate heavy metals from phosphorus fertilization, prevent erosion, conserve biodiversity, sequester carbon, reduce nitrous oxide emission, and increase water use efficiency. Therefore, AMF are cosmopolitan inhabitants of the soil, a nonrenewable resource / ecosystem, colonizing the roots of the most plant species around the world constituting by themselves as key microorganisms for mitigation. Thus, mitigation help is rooted in the soil ...