A land Bridge connection between South America and Africa during Albian-Cenomanian Times based on sauropod dinosaur evidences

CALVO, J., SALGADO, L.

Salvador, Brasil

Congreso; 3er. Congreso Geológico Brasileiro; 1996

3er. Congreso Geologico Brasileiro

The discovery of sauropods from Lower Cretaceous beds in Africa and South America shows that they had a cosmopolitian distribution across this part of Gondwana before the onset of continental fragmentation. Some of the sauropod specimens recorded allow us to infer when Africa and South America split apart. The primitive titanosaurus Andesaurus delgadoi (Calvo & Bonaparte, 1991), from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina, and Malawisaurus dixeyi (Jacobs, et.al.1993), from the Lower Cretaceous of Malawi, share undivided dorsal vertebrae, ischium transversely expanded, anterior procoelous caudal vertebrae, amphiplatyan middle and posterior caudals, and open haemal arches. A combination of characters presents only in these two species. On the other land, the primitives Diplodocimorpha (Calvo & Salgado, 1995) Rebbachisaurus garasbae (Lacovat, 1954), from teh Aptian-Albian of Morocco, and Rebbachisaurus tessonei (Calvo & Salgado,1991; 1995), from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina, share: a broad, paddle-like scapular blade, and a very high and undivided neural spine on dorsal vertebrae with a deep ppleurocoel on the centrum. These characters are seen only in these two species. Recently, Bonaparte (1995) described a new sauropod, Rayososaurus agrioensis from the Aptian of Neuquén, Argentina, based on an scapula and very few other poor fragments; the broad distal scapular blade and the direction of the acromion process (a regarded autopomorphy of Rebbachisaurus) resemble to much to that of Rebbachisaurus tessonei. The characters used by Bonaparte to eret Rayososaurus are, instead, Rebbachisaurus apomorphies; so that we propose to include these materials within Rebbachisaurus sp. until more materials be discovered. Therefore, we assign Rayososaurus agrioensis as nomen dubia. The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). Recently, Bonaparte (1995) described a new sauropod, Rayososaurus agrioensis from the Aptian of Neuquén, Argentina, based on an scapula and very few other poor fragments; the broad distal scapular blade and the direction of the acromion process (a regarded autopomorphy of Rebbachisaurus) resemble to much to that of Rebbachisaurus tessonei. The characters used by Bonaparte to eret Rayososaurus are, instead, Rebbachisaurus apomorphies; so that we propose to include these materials within Rebbachisaurus sp. until more materials be discovered. Therefore, we assign Rayososaurus agrioensis as nomen dubia. The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). On the other land, the primitives Diplodocimorpha (Calvo & Salgado, 1995) Rebbachisaurus garasbae (Lacovat, 1954), from teh Aptian-Albian of Morocco, and Rebbachisaurus tessonei (Calvo & Salgado,1991; 1995), from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina, share: a broad, paddle-like scapular blade, and a very high and undivided neural spine on dorsal vertebrae with a deep ppleurocoel on the centrum. These characters are seen only in these two species. Recently, Bonaparte (1995) described a new sauropod, Rayososaurus agrioensis from the Aptian of Neuquén, Argentina, based on an scapula and very few other poor fragments; the broad distal scapular blade and the direction of the acromion process (a regarded autopomorphy of Rebbachisaurus) resemble to much to that of Rebbachisaurus tessonei. The characters used by Bonaparte to eret Rayososaurus are, instead, Rebbachisaurus apomorphies; so that we propose to include these materials within Rebbachisaurus sp. until more materials be discovered. Therefore, we assign Rayososaurus agrioensis as nomen dubia. The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). Recently, Bonaparte (1995) described a new sauropod, Rayososaurus agrioensis from the Aptian of Neuquén, Argentina, based on an scapula and very few other poor fragments; the broad distal scapular blade and the direction of the acromion process (a regarded autopomorphy of Rebbachisaurus) resemble to much to that of Rebbachisaurus tessonei. The characters used by Bonaparte to eret Rayososaurus are, instead, Rebbachisaurus apomorphies; so that we propose to include these materials within Rebbachisaurus sp. until more materials be discovered. Therefore, we assign Rayososaurus agrioensis as nomen dubia. The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). Andesaurus delgadoi (Calvo & Bonaparte, 1991), from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina, and Malawisaurus dixeyi (Jacobs, et.al.1993), from the Lower Cretaceous of Malawi, share undivided dorsal vertebrae, ischium transversely expanded, anterior procoelous caudal vertebrae, amphiplatyan middle and posterior caudals, and open haemal arches. A combination of characters presents only in these two species. On the other land, the primitives Diplodocimorpha (Calvo & Salgado, 1995) Rebbachisaurus garasbae (Lacovat, 1954), from teh Aptian-Albian of Morocco, and Rebbachisaurus tessonei (Calvo & Salgado,1991; 1995), from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina, share: a broad, paddle-like scapular blade, and a very high and undivided neural spine on dorsal vertebrae with a deep ppleurocoel on the centrum. These characters are seen only in these two species. Recently, Bonaparte (1995) described a new sauropod, Rayososaurus agrioensis from the Aptian of Neuquén, Argentina, based on an scapula and very few other poor fragments; the broad distal scapular blade and the direction of the acromion process (a regarded autopomorphy of Rebbachisaurus) resemble to much to that of Rebbachisaurus tessonei. The characters used by Bonaparte to eret Rayososaurus are, instead, Rebbachisaurus apomorphies; so that we propose to include these materials within Rebbachisaurus sp. until more materials be discovered. Therefore, we assign Rayososaurus agrioensis as nomen dubia. The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). Recently, Bonaparte (1995) described a new sauropod, Rayososaurus agrioensis from the Aptian of Neuquén, Argentina, based on an scapula and very few other poor fragments; the broad distal scapular blade and the direction of the acromion process (a regarded autopomorphy of Rebbachisaurus) resemble to much to that of Rebbachisaurus tessonei. The characters used by Bonaparte to eret Rayososaurus are, instead, Rebbachisaurus apomorphies; so that we propose to include these materials within Rebbachisaurus sp. until more materials be discovered. Therefore, we assign Rayososaurus agrioensis as nomen dubia. The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). Rebbachisaurus garasbae (Lacovat, 1954), from teh Aptian-Albian of Morocco, and Rebbachisaurus tessonei (Calvo & Salgado,1991; 1995), from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina, share: a broad, paddle-like scapular blade, and a very high and undivided neural spine on dorsal vertebrae with a deep ppleurocoel on the centrum. These characters are seen only in these two species. Recently, Bonaparte (1995) described a new sauropod, Rayososaurus agrioensis from the Aptian of Neuquén, Argentina, based on an scapula and very few other poor fragments; the broad distal scapular blade and the direction of the acromion process (a regarded autopomorphy of Rebbachisaurus) resemble to much to that of Rebbachisaurus tessonei. The characters used by Bonaparte to eret Rayososaurus are, instead, Rebbachisaurus apomorphies; so that we propose to include these materials within Rebbachisaurus sp. until more materials be discovered. Therefore, we assign Rayososaurus agrioensis as nomen dubia. The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). Rayososaurus agrioensis from the Aptian of Neuquén, Argentina, based on an scapula and very few other poor fragments; the broad distal scapular blade and the direction of the acromion process (a regarded autopomorphy of Rebbachisaurus) resemble to much to that of Rebbachisaurus tessonei. The characters used by Bonaparte to eret Rayososaurus are, instead, Rebbachisaurus apomorphies; so that we propose to include these materials within Rebbachisaurus sp. until more materials be discovered. Therefore, we assign Rayososaurus agrioensis as nomen dubia. The strong similarities on the sauropod fauna in Africa and South America are consistent with the presumed proximity of both continents by that time. Probably, both continents were connected by a land bridge at least up to Albian-Cenomanian times. This evidence increases our knowledge on the vertebrate fauna common to both continents during the Albian-Cenomanian times. Up to know the vertebrate fauna present in both continents is composed by: the Mesosuchian crocodiles Araripesuchus from the Aptian of Northeastern Brazil and Niger (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1977); the turtles Araripemyidae from the Aptian of Niger and Brazil (de Broin, 1980) and the coelacanths Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980). Mawsonia from the Aptian-Albian of Brazil and Africa (Wenz, 1980).