Direct evidence of two-component ejecta in supernova 2016gkg from nebular spectroscopy

KUNCARAYAKTI, HANINDYO; FOLATELLI, GASTÓN; MAEDA, KEIICHI; DESSART, LUC; JERKSTRAND, ANDERS; ANDERSON, JOSEPH P.; AOKI, KENTARO; BERSTEN, M. C.

The Astrophysical Journal

Astrophysical Journal

Año: 2020

Spectral observations of the type-IIb supernova (SN) 2016gkg at 300-800 days are reported. The spectra show nebular characteristics, revealing emission from the progenitor star´s metal-rich core and providing clues to the kinematics and physical conditions of the explosion. The nebular spectra are dominated by emission lines of [O I] λλ6300,6364 and [Ca II] λλ7292,7324. Other notable, albeit weaker, emission lines include Mg I] λ4571, [Fe II] λ7155, O I λ7774, Ca II triplet, and a broad, boxy feature at the location of Hα. Unlike in other stripped-envelope SNe, the [O I] doublet is clearly resolved due to the presence of strong narrow components. The doublet shows an unprecedented emission line profile consisting of at least three components for each [O I]λ6300,6364 line: a broad component (width ∼2000 km s−1), and a pair of narrow blue and red components (width ∼300 km s−1) mirrored against the rest velocity. The narrow component appears also in other lines, and is conspicuous in [O I]. This indicates the presence of multiple distinct kinematic components of material at low and high velocities. The low-velocity components are likely to be produced by a dense, slow-moving emitting region near the center, while the broad components are emitted over a larger volume. These observations suggest an asymmetric explosion, supporting the idea of two-component ejecta that influence the resulting late-time spectra and light curves. SN 2016gkg thus presents striking evidence for significant asymmetry in a standard-energy SN explosion. The presence of material at low velocity, which is not predicted in 1D simulations, emphasizes the importance of multi-dimensional explosion modeling of SNe.