Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities

BINDOFF, N. L; CHEUNG WWL; KAIRO J.G.; ARÍSTEGUI J.; GUINDER V. A.; HALLBERG R.; HILMI N.; JIAO N.; KARIM, S.; LEVIN L.; O'DONGUE S.; PURCA S.; RINKEVICH B; SUGA T.; TAGLIABUE A.; WILLIAMSON P.

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

Cambridge University Press

Año: 2019; p. 447 - 587

The ocean is essential for all aspects of human well-being and livelihood. It provides key services like climate regulation, through the energy budget, carbon cycle and nutrient cycle. The ocean is the home of biodiversity ranging from microbes to marine mammals that form a wide variety of ecosystems in open pelagic and coastal ocean.Observations: Climate-related trends, impacts, adaptationCarbon emissions from human activities are causing ocean warming, acidification and oxygen loss with some evidence of changes in nutrient cycling and primary production. The warming ocean is affecting marine organisms at multiple trophic levels, impacting fisheries with implications for food production and human communities. Concerns regarding the effectiveness of existing ocean and fisheries governance have already been reported, highlighting the need for timely mitigation and adaptation responses.