Towards Photothermal Acid Catalysts Using Eco-Sustainable Sulfonated Carbon Nanoparticles—Part I: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity towards Fischer Esterification

MILITELLO, MARÍA PAULA; MARTÍNEZ, MARÍA VICTORIA; TAMBORINI, LUCIANO; ACEVEDO, DIEGO F.; BARBERO, CESAR A.

Catalysts

MDPI

Año: 2023 vol. 13

The development of photothermal catalysts for biodiesel synthesis reaction (transesterification)requires the production of light-absorbing nanoparticles functionalized with catalytic(acid) groups. Using Stöber method, it is possible to produce resorcinol/formaldehyde resin (RF)nanoparticles, which can be carbonized (pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere) and sulfonated. In thiswork, vegetable tannins are used as a replacement for synthetic resorcinol in the Stöber synthesisof resin (TF) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized using DLS, FESEM, TEM and N2adsorption-desorption isotherms. Both resin and carbon nanoparticles are sulfonated by reactionwith concentrated sulfuric acid. The attachment of sulfonic groups is verified by FTIR and EDX. Thenumber of sulfonic groups is measured by acid/base titration and TGA. All sulfonated nanoparticlesshow catalytic activities towards Fischer esterification of ethanoic acid with ethanol, and high (up to70%) conversion is obtained. The conversion is lower with TF-based nanoparticles, but the turnovernumbers are similar in the RF- and TF-based materials. Sulfonated carbon and resin nanoparticlesshow higher catalytic activity compared to commercial acidic catalysts (e.g., Nafion®). Photothermalheating of carbon nanoparticles is observed. In Part II, sunflower oil transesterification, catalyzedby sulfonated nanoparticles, is observed. Photothermal catalysis of acetic acid esterification andsunflower oil transesterification is demonstrated.