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In vitro mucoadhesion, water uptake, and drug release of nystatin (N) from matrices of carbomer (C) and lyophilized carbomer sodium salt (CNaL) mixtures were evaluated. Matrices with different ratios C:CNaL were prepared by direct compression. Commercial C as well as lyophilized powder (CL) were used. In vitro mucoadhesion increased as the proportion of C in the matrix was raised. The same effect was observed when C was replaced by CL. Matrices in which C was replaced by CL showed an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. matrix was raised. The same effect was observed when C was replaced by CL. Matrices in which C was replaced by CL showed an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Commercial C as well as lyophilized powder (CL) were used. In vitro mucoadhesion increased as the proportion of C in the matrix was raised. The same effect was observed when C was replaced by CL. Matrices in which C was replaced by CL showed an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. matrix was raised. The same effect was observed when C was replaced by CL. Matrices in which C was replaced by CL showed an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. L) mixtures were evaluated. Matrices with different ratios C:CNaL were prepared by direct compression. Commercial C as well as lyophilized powder (CL) were used. In vitro mucoadhesion increased as the proportion of C in the matrix was raised. The same effect was observed when C was replaced by CL. Matrices in which C was replaced by CL showed an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. matrix was raised. The same effect was observed when C was replaced by CL. Matrices in which C was replaced by CL showed an increase of both water uptake and release rates. Besides, the release of N from matrices CL:CNaL exhibited a kinetics with Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Super Case II (n > 1) mechanism. However, for C:CNaL matrices, drug release was slower and exhibited a biphasic profile with a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥ 50%) or a Case II (n∼1.0, C < 50%) mechanisms. After that period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. period, the mechanism changed to Super Case II transport (n > 1). © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. a first stage characterized by either an anomalous (n < 1, for C ≥

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