An interesting case where water behaves as a unique solvent. 4-aminophthalimide emission profile to monitor aqueous environment

DURANTINI, A. M.; FALCONE, R. D.; ANUNZIATA, J. D.; SILBER, J. J.; ABUIN, E. B.; LISSI, E. A. ; CORREA, N. M.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B - (Print)

AMER CHEMICAL SOC

Lugar: Washington; Año: 2013 vol. 117 p. 2160 - 2168

1520-6106

The behavior of 4-aminophthalimide (4-AP), a common molecular probe utilized in solvation dynamics experiments, was revisited in polar aprotic and protic solvents using absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence (TRES) techniques. Also, the deuterium isotope effect was investigated using D2O as solvent. The absorption spectra of 4-AP consist of two absorption bands with maxima around 300 nm (B2 band) and 370 nm (B1 band) depending on the environment, while the emission feature consists of a single band. In all the solvents investigated (excluding water) the 4-AP photophysics is similar and the emission spectra are independent on the excitation wavelength used. In water the behavior is unique and the emission spectra maximum is different depending on the excitation wavelength used. The emission maximum is 561.7 nm using the excitation wavelength that correspond to the B2 absorption band maximum (ëexcB2 = 303.4 nm) but is 545.7 nm when the excitation wavelength that correspond to the B1 absorption maximum (ëexcB1 = 370.0 nm) is used. Moreover, while the fluorescence decays of 4-AP in water exhibit no emission wavelength dependence at ëexcB2, the situation is quite different when ëexcB1 is used. In this case it was found a time-dependent emission spectrum that shift to the blue with time. Our results show that the solvent-mediated proton transfer process display a fundamental role in the 4-AP emission profile and, for the first time it was proposed a mechanism that fully explain the 4-AP behavior in every solvent including water. The deuterium isotope effect confirms the assumption because the proton-transfer process is dramatically retarded in this solvent. Consequently, we were able to elucidate not only why in water the emission spectra depend on the excitation wavelength but why the time-dependent emission spectra shift to the blue with time. Thus, our work reveals the importance that the medium has on the behavior of a widespread dye used as chromophore. This is significant since the use of chromophores without understanding its chemistry can induce artifacts into the interpretation of solvation dynamics in heterogeneous environments, in particular, those provided by aqueous biological systems.