A novel mechanism underlying the innate immune response induction upon viral-dependent replication of host cell mRNA: a mistake of +sRNA viruses' replicases

DELGUI, LAURA R.; COLOMBO, M.I.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology

Frontiers Media SA

Año: 2017

Viruses are lifeless particles designed for setting virus-host interactome assuring a newgeneration of virions for dissemination. This interactome generates a pressure on hostorganisms evolving mechanisms to neutralize viral infection, which places the pressureback onto virus, a process known as virus-host cell co-evolution. Positive-single strandedRNA (+sRNA) viruses are an important group of viral agents illustrating this interestingphenomenon. During replication, their genomic +sRNA is employed as template fortranslation of viral proteins; among them the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)is responsible of viral genome replication originating double-strand RNA molecules(dsRNA) as intermediates, which accumulate representing a potent threat for cellulardsRNA receptors to initiate an antiviral response. A common feature shared by theseviruses is their ability to rearrange cellular membranes to serve as platforms for genomereplication and assembly of new virions, supporting replication efficiency increase byconcentrating critical factors and protecting the viral genome fromhost anti-viral systems.This review summarizes current knowledge regarding cellular dsRNA receptors anddescribes prototype viruses developing replication niches inside rearranged membranes.However, for several viral agents it?s been observed both, a complex rearrangement ofcellularmembranes and a strong innate immune antiviral response induction. So, we haveincluded recent data explaining the mechanism by, even though viruses have evolvedelegant hideouts, host cells are still able to develop dsRNA receptors-dependent antiviralresponse.