Long-term N-addition alters the community structure of functionally important N-cycling soil microorganisms across global grasslands

FREY, BEAT; MOSER, BARBARA; TYTGAT, BJORN; ZIMMERMANN, STEPHAN; ALBERTI, JUAN; BIEDERMAN, LORI A.; BORER, ELIZABETH T.; BROADBENT, ARTHUR A.D.; CALDEIRA, MARIA C.; DAVIES, KENDI F.; EISENHAUER, NICO; ESKELINEN, ANU; FAY, PHILIP A.; HAGEDORN, FRANK; HAUTIER, YANN; MACDOUGALL, ANDREW S.; MCCULLEY, REBECCA L.; MOORE, JOSLIN L.; NEPEL, MAXIMILIAN; POWER, SALLY A.; SEABLOOM, ERIC W.; VÁZQUEZ, EDUARDO; VIRTANEN, RISTO; YAHDJIAN, LAURA; RISCH, ANITA C.

SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD

Año: 2023 vol. 176

0038-0717

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) input is known to alter the soil microbiome, but how N enrichment influences the abundance, alpha-diversity and community structure of N-cycling functional microbial communities in grasslands remains poorly understood. Here, we collected soils from plant communities subjected to up to 9 years of annual N-addition (10 g N m−2 per year using urea as a N-source) and from unfertilized plots (control) in 30 grasslands worldwide spanning a large range of climatic and soil conditions. We focused on three key microbial groups responsible for two essential processes of the global N cycle: N2 fixation (soil diazotrophs) and nitrification (AOA: ammonia-oxidizing archaea and AOB: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria). We targeted soil diazotrophs, AOA and AOB using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and measured the abundance (gene copy numbers) using quantitative PCR. N-addition shifted the structure of the diazotrophic communities, although their alpha-diversity and abundance were not affected. AOA and AOB responded differently to N-addition. The abundance and alpha-diversity of AOB increased, and their community structure shifted with N-addition. In contrast, AOA were not affected by N-addition. AOA abundance outnumbered AOB in control plots under conditions of low N availability, whereas N-addition favoured copiotrophic AOB. Overall, N-addition showed a low impact on soil diazotrophs and AOA while effects for AOB communities were considerable. These results reveal that long-term N-addition has important ecological implications for key microbial groups involved in two critical soil N-cycling processes. Increased AOB abundance and community shifts following N-addition may change soil N-cycling, as larger population sizes may promote higher rates of ammonia oxidation and subsequently increase N loss via gaseous and soil N-leaching. These findings bring us a step closer to predicting the responses and feedbacks of microbial-mediated N-cycling processes to long-term anthropogenic N-addition in grasslands.