Spermatozoa capture HIV-1 through heparan sulfate and efficiently transmit the virus to dendritic cells

CEBALLOS, ANA; REMES LENICOV, FEDERICO; SABATTÉ, JUAN; RODRIGUEZ RODRIGUES, CHRISTIAN; CABRINI, MERCEDES; JANCIC, CAROLINA; RAIDEN, SILVINA; DONALDSON, MÓNICA; PASQUALINI JR, RODOLFO; MARIN-BRIGGILER, CLARA ; VAZQUEZ-LEVIN, MÓNICA ; CAPANI, FRANCISCO ; AMIGORENA, SEBASTIAN; GEFFNER, JORGE

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS

Año: 2009 p. 2717 - 2733

0022-1007

Semen is the main vector for HIV-1 dissemination worldwide. It contains three major sources of infectious virus: free virions, infected leukocytes, and spermatozoa-associated virions. We focused on the interaction of HIV-1 with human spermatozoa and dendritic cells (DCs). We report that heparan sulfate is expressed in spermatozoa and plays an important role in the capture of HIV-1. Spermatozoa-attached virus is efficiently transmitted to DCs, macrophages, and T cells. Interaction of spermatozoa with DCs not only leads to the transmission of HIV-1 and the internalization of the spermatozoa but also results in the phenotypic maturation of DCs and the production of IL-10 but not IL-12p70. At low values of extracellular pH (approximately 6.5 pH units), similar to those found in the vaginal mucosa after sexual intercourse, the binding of HIV-1 to the spermatozoa and the consequent transmission of HIV-1 to DCs were strongly enhanced. Our observations support the notion that far from being a passive carrier, spermatozoa acting in concert with DCs might affect the early course of sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection.