Importance of Time Series studies in Oceanography. Example of the Latin-American Antares network

LUTZ, V.A.

Ilhabela

Simposio; Blue Planet: Oceans and Society; 2012

GEO

Physical-chemical and biological processes in the ocean occur at a wide range of spatial (millimeters to hundreds of kilometers) and temporal (seconds to decades and beyond) scales. Apart from the natural cycles anthropogenic effects are undeniable, and are affecting the marine biota including fisheries. Phytoplankton, because of their short generation time, are the most vulnerable to variations in the environment acting as sentinels. To follow variations in biomass and structure of the phytoplankton communities long term observations are required. Even more, to monitor these changes at regional or global scale, the concerted effort from different countries is necessary. Hence, the importance of networks of time series studies in the ocean. Satellite estimations are invaluable in the collection of data at high spatial and temporal scales. Nevertheless, these data need to be validated with high quality field measurements. Besides, satellites only see the surface of the ocean; and furthermore, some relevant properties, such as bio-diversity and physiological rates, cannot be acquired through remote sensing. The best choice consists in a synergy between satellite and in situ observations. The Antares Latin-American network (www.antares.ws) of coastal time series, now part of the ?Chlorophyll Globally Integrated Network? (www.chlorogin.org), was created following that concept. It involves the development of in situ and satellite observations, as well as capacity building. In situ observations of several physical, chemical and biological variables are carried out in 8 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela). Each station runs its own self-financed project, but a core set of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a data are shared.  The network includes among its members advisors from Canada and USA. A system to process and distribute high resolution (MODIS, NASA) satellite information for the areas of the in situ stations was developed by IMARS (USF, USA). Integrated outcomes from the network involve several specialized training courses, and a work in progress joining information of SST and chlorophyll-a from all the centers to evaluate possible trends in these properties at the different biogeochemical provinces represented. Advancements and challenges of carrying out time series observations in Latin-America will be discussed.