Deformation and fracture behaviour of polypropylene-ethylene vinyl alcohol blends compatibilized with ionomer Zn2+

M. MONTOYA, M.J. ABAD, L. BARRAL LOSADA AND C. BERNAL

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE

Wiley Interscience

Año: 2005 vol. 98 p. 1271 - 1279

0021-8995

This work investigated the deformation and fracture behavior of polypropylene–ethylene vinyl alcohol (PP/EVOH) blends compatibilized with ionomer Zn2
. Uniaxial tensile tests and quasistatic fracture experiments were performed for neat PP and for 10 and 20 wt % EVOH blends with different ionomer contents. The addition of EVOH copolymer to PP led to an increase in the Young’s modulus whereas the yield strength was decreased with the EVOH content as a consequence of the higher stiffness of EVOH and the poor interfacial adhesion between PP and EVOH, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of EVOH into PP promoted stable crack growth. Neat PP displayed nonlinear load-displacement behavior with some amount of slow crack growth preceding unstable brittle fracture, whereas most PP/EVOH blends exhibited “pseudostable” fracture characterized by slow crack growth that could not be externally controlled. All blends exhibited lower resistance to crack initiation than PP but the fracture propagation resistance was significantly improved. For 10 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation was roughly constant with the ionomer content up to 5%, then it increased with the further addition of compatibilizer. Conversely, for 20 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation appeared to be independent of the ionomer content. The better resistance to crack initiation exhibited by the 10 wt % EVOH blends could be attributed to a higher level of compatibilization in these blends. By contrast, 20 wt % EVOH blends with
2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined tensile tests and quasistatic fracture experiments were performed for neat PP and for 10 and 20 wt % EVOH blends with different ionomer contents. The addition of EVOH copolymer to PP led to an increase in the Young’s modulus whereas the yield strength was decreased with the EVOH content as a consequence of the higher stiffness of EVOH and the poor interfacial adhesion between PP and EVOH, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of EVOH into PP promoted stable crack growth. Neat PP displayed nonlinear load-displacement behavior with some amount of slow crack growth preceding unstable brittle fracture, whereas most PP/EVOH blends exhibited “pseudostable” fracture characterized by slow crack growth that could not be externally controlled. All blends exhibited lower resistance to crack initiation than PP but the fracture propagation resistance was significantly improved. For 10 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation was roughly constant with the ionomer content up to 5%, then it increased with the further addition of compatibilizer. Conversely, for 20 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation appeared to be independent of the ionomer content. The better resistance to crack initiation exhibited by the 10 wt % EVOH blends could be attributed to a higher level of compatibilization in these blends. By contrast, 20 wt % EVOH blends with
2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined tensile tests and quasistatic fracture experiments were performed for neat PP and for 10 and 20 wt % EVOH blends with different ionomer contents. The addition of EVOH copolymer to PP led to an increase in the Young’s modulus whereas the yield strength was decreased with the EVOH content as a consequence of the higher stiffness of EVOH and the poor interfacial adhesion between PP and EVOH, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of EVOH into PP promoted stable crack growth. Neat PP displayed nonlinear load-displacement behavior with some amount of slow crack growth preceding unstable brittle fracture, whereas most PP/EVOH blends exhibited “pseudostable” fracture characterized by slow crack growth that could not be externally controlled. All blends exhibited lower resistance to crack initiation than PP but the fracture propagation resistance was significantly improved. For 10 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation was roughly constant with the ionomer content up to 5%, then it increased with the further addition of compatibilizer. Conversely, for 20 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation appeared to be independent of the ionomer content. The better resistance to crack initiation exhibited by the 10 wt % EVOH blends could be attributed to a higher level of compatibilization in these blends. By contrast, 20 wt % EVOH blends with
2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined tensile tests and quasistatic fracture experiments were performed for neat PP and for 10 and 20 wt % EVOH blends with different ionomer contents. The addition of EVOH copolymer to PP led to an increase in the Young’s modulus whereas the yield strength was decreased with the EVOH content as a consequence of the higher stiffness of EVOH and the poor interfacial adhesion between PP and EVOH, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of EVOH into PP promoted stable crack growth. Neat PP displayed nonlinear load-displacement behavior with some amount of slow crack growth preceding unstable brittle fracture, whereas most PP/EVOH blends exhibited “pseudostable” fracture characterized by slow crack growth that could not be externally controlled. All blends exhibited lower resistance to crack initiation than PP but the fracture propagation resistance was significantly improved. For 10 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation was roughly constant with the ionomer content up to 5%, then it increased with the further addition of compatibilizer. Conversely, for 20 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation appeared to be independent of the ionomer content. The better resistance to crack initiation exhibited by the 10 wt % EVOH blends could be attributed to a higher level of compatibilization in these blends. By contrast, 20 wt % EVOH blends with
2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined tensile tests and quasistatic fracture experiments were performed for neat PP and for 10 and 20 wt % EVOH blends with different ionomer contents. The addition of EVOH copolymer to PP led to an increase in the Young’s modulus whereas the yield strength was decreased with the EVOH content as a consequence of the higher stiffness of EVOH and the poor interfacial adhesion between PP and EVOH, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of EVOH into PP promoted stable crack growth. Neat PP displayed nonlinear load-displacement behavior with some amount of slow crack growth preceding unstable brittle fracture, whereas most PP/EVOH blends exhibited “pseudostable” fracture characterized by slow crack growth that could not be externally controlled. All blends exhibited lower resistance to crack initiation than PP but the fracture propagation resistance was significantly improved. For 10 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation was roughly constant with the ionomer content up to 5%, then it increased with the further addition of compatibilizer. Conversely, for 20 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation appeared to be independent of the ionomer content. The better resistance to crack initiation exhibited by the 10 wt % EVOH blends could be attributed to a higher level of compatibilization in these blends. By contrast, 20 wt % EVOH blends with
2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined tensile tests and quasistatic fracture experiments were performed for neat PP and for 10 and 20 wt % EVOH blends with different ionomer contents. The addition of EVOH copolymer to PP led to an increase in the Young’s modulus whereas the yield strength was decreased with the EVOH content as a consequence of the higher stiffness of EVOH and the poor interfacial adhesion between PP and EVOH, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of EVOH into PP promoted stable crack growth. Neat PP displayed nonlinear load-displacement behavior with some amount of slow crack growth preceding unstable brittle fracture, whereas most PP/EVOH blends exhibited “pseudostable” fracture characterized by slow crack growth that could not be externally controlled. All blends exhibited lower resistance to crack initiation than PP but the fracture propagation resistance was significantly improved. For 10 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation was roughly constant with the ionomer content up to 5%, then it increased with the further addition of compatibilizer. Conversely, for 20 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation appeared to be independent of the ionomer content. The better resistance to crack initiation exhibited by the 10 wt % EVOH blends could be attributed to a higher level of compatibilization in these blends. By contrast, 20 wt % EVOH blends with
2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined 2
. Uniaxial tensile tests and quasistatic fracture experiments were performed for neat PP and for 10 and 20 wt % EVOH blends with different ionomer contents. The addition of EVOH copolymer to PP led to an increase in the Young’s modulus whereas the yield strength was decreased with the EVOH content as a consequence of the higher stiffness of EVOH and the poor interfacial adhesion between PP and EVOH, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of EVOH into PP promoted stable crack growth. Neat PP displayed nonlinear load-displacement behavior with some amount of slow crack growth preceding unstable brittle fracture, whereas most PP/EVOH blends exhibited “pseudostable” fracture characterized by slow crack growth that could not be externally controlled. All blends exhibited lower resistance to crack initiation than PP but the fracture propagation resistance was significantly improved. For 10 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation was roughly constant with the ionomer content up to 5%, then it increased with the further addition of compatibilizer. Conversely, for 20 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation appeared to be independent of the ionomer content. The better resistance to crack initiation exhibited by the 10 wt % EVOH blends could be attributed to a higher level of compatibilization in these blends. By contrast, 20 wt % EVOH blends with
2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined
2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined