Sexual dimorphism in rats: effects of early maternal separation

RENARD G.M.; RIVAROLA M. A.; SUÁREZ M.M.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE

Elsevier

Año: 2007 vol. 25 p. 373 - 379

0736-5748

The pituitary-adrenal axis response is gender-dependent, showing lower activity in male rats. Furthermore, males showed low emotional behavior and females high emotionality when exposed to such chronic stress situations. The gender of an animal is a relevant factor in the development of responses to stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of early maternal separation on the pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior of adult male and female rats subjected to chronic variable stress. Male and femaleWistar rats were isolated 4.5 h daily, during the three first weeks of life. At 48 days of age, the rats were exposed to variable chronic stress (five different stressors during 24 days). Non-maternally separated and maternally separated males showed lower levels of ACTH compared to females ( p < 0.01). In male rats exposed to variable chronic stress, the maternally separated animals showed a diminution in the levels of ACTH and Corticosterone ( p < 0.05) compared to non-maternally separated rats. In the Open Field test, the maternally separated and non-maternally separated-stressed males showed lower emotional reactivity compared with female rats. This was indicated by increase in ambulation ( p < 0.05) and decrease in defecation ( p < 0.05). Male rats subjected to variable chronic stress presented low emotional behavior seen in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. non-maternally separated-stressed males showed lower emotional reactivity compared with female rats. This was indicated by increase in ambulation ( p < 0.05) and decrease in defecation ( p < 0.05). Male rats subjected to variable chronic stress presented low emotional behavior seen in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. non-maternally separated-stressed males showed lower emotional reactivity compared with female rats. This was indicated by increase in ambulation ( p < 0.05) and decrease in defecation ( p < 0.05). Male rats subjected to variable chronic stress presented low emotional behavior seen in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. the levels of ACTH and Corticosterone ( p < 0.05) compared to non-maternally separated rats. In the Open Field test, the maternally separated and non-maternally separated-stressed males showed lower emotional reactivity compared with female rats. This was indicated by increase in ambulation ( p < 0.05) and decrease in defecation ( p < 0.05). Male rats subjected to variable chronic stress presented low emotional behavior seen in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. non-maternally separated-stressed males showed lower emotional reactivity compared with female rats. This was indicated by increase in ambulation ( p < 0.05) and decrease in defecation ( p < 0.05). Male rats subjected to variable chronic stress presented low emotional behavior seen in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. in their lower defecation ( p < 0.05). Stressed females displayed decreased ambulation ( p < 0.05) and increased defecation ( p < 0.05), showing high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. high emotional reactivity after exposure to chronic stress. Maternally separated males showed higher emotionality after the exposure to chronic variable stress. This was indicated by decrease in ambulation ( p < 0.05), decrease in rearing ( p < 0.05) and increase in defecation ( p < 0.05). Thus, maternal separation and variable chronic stress caused long-term gender-dependent alterations in pituitary-adrenal activity and emotional behavior. Thus, maternal separation an