Regional climate oscillations and local topography shape genetic polymorphisms and distribution of the giant columnar cactus Echinopsis terscheckii in drylands of the tropical Andes

QUIPILDOR, VILMA B.; QUIROGA, MARIA P.; KITZBERGER, THOMAS; PREMOLI, ANDREA C.; ORTEGA-BAES, PABLO; QUIPILDOR, VILMA B.; QUIROGA, MARIA P.; KITZBERGER, THOMAS; PREMOLI, ANDREA C.; ORTEGA-BAES, PABLO

JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC

Año: 2018 vol. 45 p. 116 - 126

0305-0270

Aim: We sought to determine if the present fragmentary distribution of the giantcolumnar cactus Echinopsis terscheckii in tropical drylands is a relict of a previouslymore widespread range during cold and dry phases of the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM).Location: Tropical and subtropical dry ecotonal areas of northern and central Andesof Argentina.Methods: We combined ecological niche models (ENM) with molecular polymorphismsof isozymes and DNA sequences. We collected samples from 30 individualsat 24 locations for genetic analysis covering a wide range of environmental conditions.We sequenced the nuclear ITS and three non-coding regions of the chloroplastDNA and we resolved 15 isozyme loci. Potential distribution was modelledusing 88 E. terscheckii presence training records and a reduced set of 10 modernbioclimatic variables. LGM and the Mid-Holocene distributions were derived by projectingbioclimatic data under present to past environmental conditions according toCCSM4 and MIROC-ESM Global Climate Models. 3Results: We detected high isozyme diversity towards the south. The multivariatecluster analysis yielded two groups of populations that were geographically concordantwith the DNA haplotypes located north and south of a divide at 27°S. Distri- 4bution models show range expansion during the LGM in two north and south areasseparated by a gap of low suitability at 27°S. Suitable areas in the south were closeto current populations, while in the north, populations survived in more disjunctlocations that probably suffered from founder effects. In contrast, Mid-Holocenebioclimatic conditions were relatively unsuitable in the south.Main conclusions: Our results suggest that the divergence of north and southgroups of E. terscheckii populations reflect long-lasting persistence through climaticcycles that were reinforced by the presence of an orogenic divide at mid-latitudes.Latitudinally divergent groups of populations should be treated as distinct evolutionarysignificant units that deserve independent conservation actions. Increasedgenetic diversity and inbreeding towards the south may guide setting up prioritiesfor the long-term protection of a dominant element of drylands as E. terscheckii