The best of both worlds: mastering nerve regeneration combining biological and nanotechnological tools

PAULA A. SOTO; MARCELA FERNANDEZ VAN RAAP; CLARA PATRICIA SETTON

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH

SHENYANG EDITORIAL DEPT NEURAL REGENERATION RES

Año: 2023 vol. 18 p. 556 - 557

1673-5374

Over the last decade, remarkable developments in nanotechnology have powered medical research, unveiling new approaches for the solution of public health issues such as the treatment of traumatic peripheral neuropathies. With an estimated incidence of 13 to 23 cases per 100,000 people per year in developed countries, traumatic nerve injuries constitute the most frequent type of peripheral nervous system (PNS) damage. Peripheral neuropathy results from accidents associated with everyday activities such as sports, work, recreation, and driving. Upon injury, the connection between the neuronal distal axon and soma is interrupted, which triggers the degeneration of the affected nerve with structural and functional loss, known as Wallerian degeneration. Patients suffer symptoms ranging from neuropathic pain to partial or even total sensory and motor limitations, depending on the degree of injury severity. The lack of nerve responsiveness to regeneration ? in terms of axon regrowth and remyelination ? and unsuccessful target organ reinnervation are the main obstacles hindering complete nerve recovery. Strategies commonly available for peripheral nerve lesion treatment are chosen according to the severity of the damage. Interventions include conventional approaches such as microsurgery to join nerve ends in the case of a transection, artificial and non-artificial nerve grafts, transplantation of conduits made of different biocompatible materials, polymer conduits coated with cells or growth factors that mimic a graft, and even therapies combining electrostimulation (Su et al., 2018) and physical exercise to promote nerve regeneration (Armada-da-Silva et al., 2013). Currently, the treatment of choice for the most severe transection injuries is microsurgery, although the functional outcome is often limited by inflammation, scar formation, and the pruning of sensory and motor axons.Hybrid materials have proven useful, and the combination of different properties improves the therapeutic outcomes for numerous CNS and PNS injuries. Beyond the encouraging results, several challenges must be met prior to the translation of magnetic targeting to clinical applications. Some of them are optimal conditions for cell magnetic targeting ? including thorough studies of the bio nano interphase (MNP and biological environment interaction) ? and the interaction between magnetically loaded cells and the magnetic fields applied once cells are intravenously administered. Another pressing need is the evaluation of MNP degradation and clearance in patients receiving magnetically loaded cells. Further experiments are necessary to fully elucidate this process, which depends on the metabolism and proliferation rate of the cell type involved