13) Naturalism, Psychology, and Culture: Nature vs. Nurture?

GARGIULO, P.A.; CRESPO, R.

Psychiatry and Neurosciences. From Episthemology to Clinical Psychiatry. Volume IV. Gargiulo, P.A. and Mesones, H.L. (Editors).

Springer-Nature Switzerland AG

Lugar: Cham ; Año: 2021; p. 33 - 38

13) Naturalism, Psychology, and Culture: Nature vs. Nurture? Gargiulo, Pascual Ángel; Crespo, Ricardo. In: Gargiulo, Pascual Ángel; Mesones Arroyo, Humberto Luis (Editors). Psychiatry and Neuroscience Update. From Epistemology to Clinical Psychiatry. Vol. IV. Chapter 4. Pp. 33-38. ISBN 978-3-030-61720-2 ISBN 978-3-030-61721-9 (eBook). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61721-9 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.- The Chap. 4, written by Gargiulo and Crespo, is dedicated to a differentiation between causal explanations and freedom. In this chapter, the role of nature is compared with psychological or psychoreactive influences. Ontological naturalism is described as a prevalent belief today in the world, inducing a naturalistic worldview in the narrow sense. It implies the reduction of the objects of knowledge to nature, to physical and biological things and processes. Some objections of philosophical origin are proposed, delimiting a level of ?understanding? independent of naturalistic explanations.AbstractIn this proposal, the role of nature is compared with psychological or psychoreactive influences. In fact, throughout the centuries, a set of philosophical ideas, a "metaphysical worldview" has greatly influenced our conceptions of life and science. The beliefs that prevail today in the world make up a naturalistic worldview, in the narrow sense of the term that ultimately reduces the objects of knowledge to nature, to physical and biological things and processes (ontological naturalism). This context takes a perspective on evolutionary psychology and its possible role trying to "explain" the entire human condition. Science is equated with natural science, arguing that its methods are applicable to the "explanation" of any reality. This constitutes a methodological naturalism. This knowledge, which arises from the observation of the inconsistencies of a naturalistic approach to the biographical, to the human in the strict sense, is raised here in a historical way. Here the relevance of the application of naturalistic methods is discussed. The first limitations observed regarding to these methods are developed here in a successive manner. The contributions of the incipient "Experimental Psychology" are highlighted and weighted here. Finally, ?experiential conditioning? and ?motivation? are conceptually separated from ?causal explanations? in the field of human behaviour. The role of biological causes and intentional motivation are compared. Keywords: Ontological naturalism, efficient causality, motivation, freedom, comprehension, explanation, human behaviour.