INVESTIGADORES
MESURADO Maria Belen
congresos y reuniones científicas
Título:
Perceived parenting styles, self-criticism, vulnerability, anxiety and competence in Argentine boys.
Autor/es:
BELÉN MESURADO; MARÍA CRISTINA RICHAUD
Lugar:
Montreal
Reunión:
Congreso; 2011 SRCD Biennial Meeting; 2011
Institución organizadora:
Society for Research in Child Development
Resumen:
Several recent studies have indicated that there is a relationship between various
forms of psychogical disturbances during childhood and perceived parenting style,
that is, the childs perceptions of his/her parents behaviour (Wolfradt, Hempel, &
Miles, 2003). Darling and Steinberg (1993) have defined parenting style "as a
constellation of attitudes toward the child that is communicated to the child and
that, taken together, create an emotional climate in which the parents behaviours
are expressed" (p. 488). The parenting styles are risk factors for individual
development during childhood. In this line, Samper, et al. (2006) say that the
parental styles are important factors in cognitive, emotional and social child
development. Some studies have shown that perceived authoritarian and
controlling parenting styles are closely related to psychological disturbances in
childhood. Another study shows that the lack of discipline (e.g. no control, no
punishment) is related to poor psychological adjustment (Johnson, Shulman, &
Collins, 1991). The first purpose of the present study is to investigate the
relationship among perceived parenting styles, self-criticism, vulnerability, anxiety
and competence. The second aim is to test, through Structural Equation Modeling,
if two different combinations of perceived parenting styles -(Model 1) fathers and
mothers pathological control; (Model 2) fathers and mothers extreme autonomy-
may directly affect self-criticism, vulnerability, anxiety and, indirectly, competence
in boys.
This study included a sample of 432 middle class boys, aged 8 to 12 (M= 10.98,
SD= 1.05), from primary schools in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The measures were
based on: Richauds Argentine Scale of Perception of Relationships with Parents
for Children (Acceptance, Acceptable Control, Strict Control, Pathological Control,
and Extreme Autonomy), but only two Parenting styles -Pathological Control, and
Extreme Autonomy- were included in this study; and Argentine Survey of
Personality developed by Lemos (2004). This instrument was built to measure
personality traits according to the "big five" factors of personality by Costa and
McCrae. This questionnaire assesses five types of personality: neuroticism,
extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness. In
this study, the Neuroticism scale which measures self-criticism, vulnerability,
anxiety, and competence was used.
Fathers and mothers pathological control were related to self-criticism,
vulnerability and anxiety. Fathers and mothers extreme autonomy were inversely
related to self-criticism, but they were not related to vulnerability and anxiety.
Mothers pathological control and fathers extreme autonomy were inversely related
to competence. Self-criticism was related to vulnerability and anxiety. Finally, only
anxiety was inversely related to competence (Table 1).
The two models fit the data very well (model 1: ÷2 (5) = 56.8, p <. 000, GFI =
.96; AGFI = .82, RMR = .02 and model 2: ÷2 (5) = 89.1, p <. 000, GFI = .93; AGFI =
.73, RMR = .03). When boys perceived that both parents had pathological control
on them, they exercised self-criticism and felt more vulnerable and anxious
(depicted in Figure 1), but this did not happen when boys perceived they
experienced extreme autonomy. The two models showed that the self-criticism
affected competence, anxiety inversely affected competence and vulnerability did
not affect competence.et al. (2006) say that the
parental styles are important factors in cognitive, emotional and social child
development. Some studies have shown that perceived authoritarian and
controlling parenting styles are closely related to psychological disturbances in
childhood. Another study shows that the lack of discipline (e.g. no control, no
punishment) is related to poor psychological adjustment (Johnson, Shulman, &
Collins, 1991). The first purpose of the present study is to investigate the
relationship among perceived parenting styles, self-criticism, vulnerability, anxiety
and competence. The second aim is to test, through Structural Equation Modeling,
if two different combinations of perceived parenting styles -(Model 1) fathers and
mothers pathological control; (Model 2) fathers and mothers extreme autonomy-
may directly affect self-criticism, vulnerability, anxiety and, indirectly, competence
in boys.
This study included a sample of 432 middle class boys, aged 8 to 12 (M= 10.98,
SD= 1.05), from primary schools in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The measures were
based on: Richauds Argentine Scale of Perception of Relationships with Parents
for Children (Acceptance, Acceptable Control, Strict Control, Pathological Control,
and Extreme Autonomy), but only two Parenting styles -Pathological Control, and
Extreme Autonomy- were included in this study; and Argentine Survey of
Personality developed by Lemos (2004). This instrument was built to measure
personality traits according to the "big five" factors of personality by Costa and
McCrae. This questionnaire assesses five types of personality: neuroticism,
extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness. In
this study, the Neuroticism scale which measures self-criticism, vulnerability,
anxiety, and competence was used.
Fathers and mothers pathological control were related to self-criticism,
vulnerability and anxiety. Fathers and mothers extreme autonomy were inversely
related to self-criticism, but they were not related to vulnerability and anxiety.
Mothers pathological control and fathers extreme autonomy were inversely related
to competence. Self-criticism was related to vulnerability and anxiety. Finally, only
anxiety was inversely related to competence (Table 1).
The two models fit the data very well (model 1: ÷2 (5) = 56.8, p <. 000, GFI =
.96; AGFI = .82, RMR = .02 and model 2: ÷2 (5) = 89.1, p <. 000, GFI = .93; AGFI =
.73, RMR = .03). When boys perceived that both parents had pathological control
on them, they exercised self-criticism and felt more vulnerable and anxious
(depicted in Figure 1), but this did not happen when boys perceived they
experienced extreme autonomy. The two models showed that the self-criticism
affected competence, anxiety inversely affected competence and vulnerability did
not affect competence.÷2 (5) = 56.8, p <. 000, GFI =
.96; AGFI = .82, RMR = .02 and model 2: ÷2 (5) = 89.1, p <. 000, GFI = .93; AGFI =
.73, RMR = .03). When boys perceived that both parents had pathological control
on them, they exercised self-criticism and felt more vulnerable and anxious
(depicted in Figure 1), but this did not happen when boys perceived they
experienced extreme autonomy. The two models showed that the self-criticism
affected competence, anxiety inversely affected competence and vulnerability did
not affect competence.÷2 (5) = 89.1, p <. 000, GFI = .93; AGFI =
.73, RMR = .03). When boys perceived that both parents had pathological control
on them, they exercised self-criticism and felt more vulnerable and anxious
(depicted in Figure 1), but this did not happen when boys perceived they
experienced extreme autonomy. The two models showed that the self-criticism
affected competence, anxiety inversely affected competence and vulnerability did
not affect competence.