INVESTIGADORES
NUÑEZ Mario Nestor
artículos
Título:
Climatology of Winter Orographic Precipitation over the Subtropical Central
Autor/es:
MAXIMILIANO VIALE; MARIO N. NUÑEZ
Revista:
JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY
Editorial:
AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC
Referencias:
Lugar: Boston; Año: 2011 vol. 12 p. 481 - 507
ISSN:
1525-755X
Resumen:
Winter orographic precipitation over the Andes between 308 and 378S is examined using precipitation
gauges in the mountains and adjacent lowlands. Because of the limited number of precipitation gauges, this
paper focuses on the large-scale variation in cross-barrier precipitation and does not take into account the fine
ridgevalley scale. The maximum amount of precipitation was observed on the windward slope of the
mountain range below the crest, which was twice that observed on the low-windward side between 32.58 and
348S. Toward the east of the crest, precipitation amounts drop sharply, generating a strong cross-barrier
gradient. The rain shadow effect is greater in the north (32834.58S) than in the south (35836.58S) of the low-lee
side, which is probably due to more baroclinic activity in southernmost latitudes and a southward decrease in
the height of the Andes enabling more spillover precipitation. The effect of the Andes on winter precipitation
is so marked that it modifies the precipitation regimes in the adjacent windward and leeward lowlands north of
358S. Based on the fact that ;75% of the wintertime precipitation accumulated in the fourth quartile, through
four or five heavy events on average, the synoptic-scale patterns of the heavy (into fourth quartile) orographic
precipitation events were identified. Heavy events are strongly related to strong water vapor transport from the
Pacific Ocean in the pre-cold-front environment of extratropical cyclones, which would have the form of
atmospheric rivers as depicted in the reanalysis and rawinsonde data. The composite fields revealed a marked
difference between two subgroups of heavy precipitation events. The extreme (100th95th percentiles) events
are associated with deeper cyclones than those for intense (95th75th percentiles) events. These deeper cy-
clones lead to much stronger plumes of water vapor content and cross-barrier moisture flux against the high
Andes, resulting in heavier orographic precipitation for extreme events. In addition, regional airflow charac-
teristics suggest that the low-level flow is typically blocked and diverted poleward in the form of an along-barrier
jet. On the lee side, downslope flow dominates during heavy events, producing prominent rain shadow effects as
denoted by the domain of downslope winds extending to low-leeward side (i.e., zonda wind).