Conservation perspectives for a highly disparate lineage of mammals: The Xenarthra

SUPERINA M.; ABBA A. M.

MASTOZOOLOGí­A NEOTROPICAL

UNIDAD DE ZOOLOGÍA Y ECOLOGÍA ANIMAL, INSTITUTO ARGENTINO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE LAS ZONAS ARIDAS, CRICYT, CONICET

Lugar: Mendoza; Año: 2020 vol. 27 p. 1 - 20

0327-9383

The Xenarthra, which are endemic to the Americas, consist of two distinct clades, the Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) and the Cingulata (armadillos). The association between xenarthrans and humans dates back to ancient times. Although these associations do not appear to have negatively impacted all wild populations, hunting probably contributed to the extinction of some xenarthrans in archaeological-geological times and, more recently, to the depletion or extinction of local populations. Undoubtedly, human activities are increasingly impacting the wild populations of many xenarthran species. According to the last assessment for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 15 of the 30 species of Xenarthra are classified as Least Concern, five as Data Deficient, five as Near Threatened, and five are included in a threatened category, with one (Bradypus pygmaeus) being considered Critically Endangered, and four (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Bradypus torquatus, Priodontes maximus, and Tolypeutes tricinctus) designated as Vulnerable. Here, we discuss the current taxonomic challenges of working with xenarthrans and the impacts of those challenges on the conservation of these animals. We evaluate the main threats affecting the Xenarthra now and in the future, we identify some successful conservation initiatives, and we highlight the importance of initiatives by individual experts. Our goals are to summarize the current status of xenarthrans and to facilitate the development and implementation of conservation strategies for these animals.