Review of diseases (pathogen isolation, direct recovery and antibodies) in albatrosses and large petrels worldwide

QUINTANA, FLAVIO; UHART, MARCELA M.; GALLO, LUCIANA

BIRD CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL

CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS

Año: 2017 p. 1 - 28

0959-2709

Albatrosses ( Diomedeidae ) and large petrels ( Macronectes and Procellaria spp.) are among theworld?s most rapidly declining birds. Some of the most endangered species, Amsterdam AlbatrossDiomedea amsterdamensis, Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri and SootyAlbatross Phoebetria fusca , are at risk from recurrent avian cholera outbreaks. Yet little is knownabout the overall impact of disease in this group. We compiled all available information on pathogensdescribed in albatrosses and large petrel species listed under the Agreement on theConservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) ( n = 31). Available reports ( n = 53) comprisenearly 60% of ACAP species (18/31). However, only 38% of them focus on threatened species(20/53), and 43% solely report macroparasite findings (23/53). Black-browed AlbatrossThalassarche melanophrys (Near Threatened) and Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus(Least Concern) are the two species with higher number of publications (29/53, 55% of all papers).Conversely, seven species on the IUCN Red List have three papers or less each. Most existingresearch has resulted from disease or mortality investigations and baseline studies (28 and 32%,respectively). Pathogens reported in the subset of ACAP species, included bacteria in seven species(39%), viruses in five (28%), protozoa in four (22%), helminths in nine (50%), ectoparasites in 13(72%) and fungi in one species (5%). Avian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida ,appears as the most severe threat to ACAP species. Infections by poxvirus are the most commonviral finding, yet entail lower population level impact. Few serosurveys report pathogen exposure inthese species, but add valuable baseline information. There are numerous obvious gaps in speciesand geographical coverage and likely under-reporting due to remoteness, accessibility and sporadicmonitoring. This insufficient knowledge may be hampering effective protection and managementof populations at risk. Attention to species currently affected by avian cholera is of utmost priority.