Topical and mucosal liposomes for vaccine delivery

EDER L ROMERO, MARIA JOSE MORILLA

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology

John Wiley & Sons

Año: 2011 vol. 13 p. 1 - 20

1939-5116

Mucosal (and inminor extent transcutanous) stimulation can induce local or distant mucosa secretory IgA. Liposomes and other vesicles as mucosal and transcutaneous adjuvants are attractive alternatives to parenteral vaccination. Liposomes can bemassively produced under good manufacturing practices and stored for long periods, at high antigen/vesicle mass ratios. However, their uptake by antigenpresenting cells (APC) at the inductive sites remains as a major challenge. Asneurotoxicity is a major concern in intranasal delivery, complexes between archaeosomes andcalcium aswell as cationic liposomes complexedwithplasmids encoding for antigenic proteins could safely elicit secretory and systemic antigen-specific immune responses. Oral bilosomes generate intense immune responses that remain to be tested against challenge, but the admixing with toxins or derivatives is mandatory to reduce the amount of antigen. Most of the current experimental designs, however, underestimate themucus blanket 100- to 1000-fold thicker than a 100-nm diameter liposome, which has first to be penetrated to access the underlying Mcells. Overall, designing mucoadhesive chemoenzymatic resistant liposomes, orselectively targeted toMcells, has produced less relevant results than tailoring the liposomes to make them mucus penetrating. Opposing, the nearly 10 ìmthickness stratum corneum interposed between liposomes and underlying APC can be surpassed by ultradeformable liposomes (UDL), with lipid matrices that penetrate up to the limit with the viable epidermis. UDL made of phospholipids and detergents, proved to be better transfection agents than conventional liposomes and niosomes, without the toxicity of ethosomes, in the absence of classical immunomodulators.ìmthickness stratum corneum interposed between liposomes and underlying APC can be surpassed by ultradeformable liposomes (UDL), with lipid matrices that penetrate up to the limit with the viable epidermis. UDL made of phospholipids and detergents, proved to be better transfection agents than conventional liposomes and niosomes, without the toxicity of ethosomes, in the absence of classical immunomodulators.