Multiple nuclear pseudogenes of mitochondrial cytochrome b in Ctenomys (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) with either great similarity to or high divergence from the true mitochondrial sequence.

P. MIROL; S. MASCHERETTI; J. SEARLE

HEREDITY

Año: 2000 p. 538 - 547

0018-067X

A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was studied in 13 species of the South American fossorial rodent Ctenomys using PCR with `universal' primers and DNA sequencing after cloning. Five di€erent groups of sequences were found, one of which corresponds to the functional mitochondrial gene (mt). The other four groups (A, B, C and D) were believed to be nuclear pseudogenes. Sequences A±C were highly divergent from the mt sequences and included substitutions, deletions and insertions such that they could not possibly have coded a functional protein. They all shared a common insertion between positions 15055 and 15056 suggestive of a common origin, although the A, B and C sequences otherwise di€ered greatly from each other. The D sequences also could not have been functional on the basis of nucleotide sequence, but the di€erences with the mt sequences were far more subtle and in a more limited study the D sequences could easily have been classi®ed as a true mtDNA sequence. It is suggested that there were two transfers of the cytochrome b gene from the mitochondrion to the nucleus; the ®rst leading to sequences A±C and the second to the D sequence. Subsequent to transfer, a sequence of duplications within the nucleus appears to have generated the full range of pseudogenes that are observed. This study adds to other recent observations suggesting the frequent transfer of mtDNA sequences to the nucleus and reinforces the necessity of great care in interpreting PCR-generated sequences, particularly those produced with universal primers. There are now data from several species of mammals and birds relating to PCR- generated nuclear copies of cytochrome b, which we review.