Direct analysis of vicariance in neotropical mayflies (Ephemeroptera).

CAROLINA NIETO; CARLOS MOLINERI; DOMÍNGUEZ, EDUARDO

Congreso; XV International Conference on Ephemeroptera and XIX International Symposium on Plecoptera.; 2018

Vicariance is one of the most frequently reported historical process explaining large scale biogeographical patterns since Croizat vigorously defended the concept. Hovenkamp protocol uses a cladogram and the distribution of the terminals to detect traceable vicariance events (TVEs), and then compares the information from different taxa to search for congruent information: supported vicariance events (SVEs). SVEs are barriers separating vicariants, these with barriers that may be acting today or not. Our aim is to determine vicariant events in the Neotropics and hypothesize their chronological order using the historical information present in phylogenies. We selected eleven mayfly cladograms: Leptophlebiidae (Farrodes and Simothraulopsis), Oligoneuriidae (Oligoneuria), Baetidae (Baetodes complex and Callibaetis), Leptohyphidae (Allenhyphes-Traverhyphes group), Polymitarcyidae (Asthenopodinae, Campsurus, Tortopus and Tortopsis), and Caenidae (Brasilocaenis). We compiled a geographical matrix with all records of the species in those genera and analyzed them independently using Vicariance Inference Program. Then we compared the barriers found for each cladogram at hand to obtain the SVEs.We found twenty four TVEs among the 41 sister clades studied, from which six were found at least twice thus constituting SVEs. The SVEs are roughly grouped in two sets: one including Central and South America (SVE1 to SVE4), and another set involving North, Central and South America (SVE5 and SVE6). When the SVEs were ordered chronologically using the historical information in the phylogenetic trees, only one sequence was found: SVE1 (Tepuis versus lowland) occurred first, then SVE2 (separation of Amazonas and/or central and northern Atlantic forest from southern Atlantic-Paranaense and eastern Pampas), then SVE3 (Amazonas vs central-northern Atlantic-Paranaense forests, and lastly SVE4 (West/East separation of Amazon Basin at 65º-70º W longitude)