Rapid growth and catastrophic destruction events of Planchón Volcano, Southern Andes

NARANJO JA; ROMERO JE; CONTRERAS JP; ORIHASHI Y; SCOTT K; HALLER MJ; SUMINO H

VOLCANICA

STRASBOURG

Lugar: Strasbourg; Año: 2024 vol. 7 p. 21 - 49

2610-3540

During the Late Pleistocene-to-Holocene, the mafic Planchón volcano (35.2 °S, Southern Andes) experienced two important destructive events: a sector collapse to the west and a multiphase explosive eruption transforming the east summit area. We provide new field and laboratory evidence, including geochemical, geochronologic, and geological-morphological analysis, to reconstruct the evolution, triggering mechanisms, and physical parameters of these events. The lateral collapse (48 ka BP) was mainly predisposed by a tectonically westward-inclined substratum and rapid edifice growth rates (0.3–0.48 km3 ka−1). The resulting Planchón-Teno debris avalanche became valley-confined traveling at c. 260 km h−1 up to 95 km distance and forming an 8.6 ± 1.3 km3 deposit. The resulting 4.1 km wide amphitheater was later destroyed at c. 7 ka BP by the multiphase Valenzuela phreatomagmatic eruptions, forming a c. 2.5 km diameter caldera. The case of the Planchón volcano warns that rapidly growing mafic volcanoes imply a substantial catastrophic hazard increase for the surrounding areas.