Why entrepreneurship is a regional Event

ROCHA, H.; STERNBERG, R

Entrepreneurship the engine of Growth

Praeger Publishers

Año: 2007; p. 215 - 237

Entrepreneurship and new firm formation processes have become en vogue in economics, in regional science, and in economic geography since about ten years, as well as in many applications of local economic development policy. Despite recent studies on regional variations in entrepreneurship, the contextual approach to entrepreneurship has long been discussed primarily from the perspective of the national economy.1 This chapter offers theoretical arguments and empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that entrepreneurial activities are to a large extent a ‘‘regional event,’’ with especial emphasis on a sectoral–regional cluster perspective.2 We argue that subnational or regional determinants are much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that entrepreneurial activities are to a large extent a ‘‘regional event,’’ with especial emphasis on a sectoral–regional cluster perspective.2 We argue that subnational or regional determinants are much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that entrepreneurial activities are to a large extent a ‘‘regional event,’’ with especial emphasis on a sectoral–regional cluster perspective.2 We argue that subnational or regional determinants are much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that entrepreneurial activities are to a large extent a ‘‘regional event,’’ with especial emphasis on a sectoral–regional cluster perspective.2 We argue that subnational or regional determinants are much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that entrepreneurial activities are to a large extent a ‘‘regional event,’’ with especial emphasis on a sectoral–regional cluster perspective.2 We argue that subnational or regional determinants are much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. much more relevant than national or supranational framework conditions for both the determinants that have an impact on an individual’s decision to start a new business and the determinants that exercise an influence on a start-up’s success (i.e., survival and growth). In particular, we argue that entrepreneurship is a local phenomenon, because people usually start businesses where they were born, have worked, or already reside, which explains why nascent entrepreneurs are very well established in their careers, life, and communities.3–6 Therefore, a region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especially if defined at the substate level, rather than a nation, seems to be a better unit to understand the most proximate factors affecting entrepreneurship. region, especiall