Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between 2x10^17 and 2x10^18 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

THE PIERRE AUGER COLLABORATION; FIGUEIRA, J.M.

EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C - PARTICLES AND FIELDS

SPRINGER

Año: 2020 vol. 80

1434-6044

The European Physical Journal C 80, 751 (2020) /// The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between $$2\times 10^{17}$$ and $$2\times 10^{18}$$ eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at $$10^{{17.5}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$ and $$10^{{18}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$. We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of $$38\%$$ $$\pm 4\% (12\%)$$ $$\pm {}^{21\%}_{18\%}$$ for EPOS-LHC, and of $$50\% (53\%)$$ $$\pm 4\% (13\%)$$ $$\pm {}^{23\%}_{20\%}$$ for QGSJetII-04, is respectively needed.