How Did Early North-American Clinical Psychologists Get Their First Personality Test? Carl Gustav Jung, The Zurich School of Psychiatry and The Development of the ?Word Association Test? (1898-1909)

FIERRO, CATRIEL

History of Psychology

American Psychological Association

Lugar: Washington, D.C.; Año: 2022 vol. 25 p. 295 - 321

Clinical psychology emerged in the United States during the first decades of the 20th century. Although they focused on intelligence tests, starting around 1905 certain clinical psychologists pursued personality assessment through a specific, non-intellectual kind of test: the word association test as devised by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung (1875 ? 1961) at the Burghölzli psychiatric clinic in Zurich. The test was a key device in the professionalization of North-American psychiatry and psychology during the early 20th century: from 1905 onwards it was acknowledged, discussed and applied by experimental and clinical psychologists. However, Jung?s original experiments and the development of the test itself have received only superficial or casual attention by historians of science. This paper attempts to provide a critical, streamlined and detailed account on the origin, development and substance of the Zurich word association experiments. By drawing on heretofore overlooked primary sources, I offer a new, critical perspective on the emergence and development of Jung?s test while engaging with its main theoretical and methodological aspects. I show that the test was neither Jung?s sole creation nor did it consist of a simple, straightforward set of tasks. Contrarily, it was the result of a highly collaborative, multi-layered institutionalized research program on linguistic and mental associations. The program, its data and its assumptions fueled several debates and data-driven discussions at Zurich, precluding the test from achieving a stable, standardized character. As a result, the history of Jung?s program reflects both the advances and the limitations of early 20th-century personality testing.