Reconstructing the phylogenetic history of the tribe Leucocoryneae (Allioideae): Reticulate evolution and diversification in South America

SASSONE, AGOSTINA B.; GIUSSANI, LILIANA M.

MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION

ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE

Año: 2018

1055-7903

At present the Allioideae is included within the Amaryllidaceae, which is an economic important bulb cropsubfamily that includes onion, garlic, and ornamental species worldwide. The Allioideae includes four tribesgeographically disjunct namely: Allieae, widespread in the northern hemisphere, tribe Tulbaghieae distributedin South Africa, and tribes Leucocoryneae and Gilliesieae are endemic to South America. Although we agreewith the current tribal circumscription of the Leucocoryneae including Beauverdia, Ipheion, Latace, Leucocoryne,Nothoscordum, and Tristagma, there are still taxonomic and phylogenetic uncertainties regarding the monophyly,phylogenetic relationships, and divergence time of several lineages in a biogeographic context. In this study, acomprehensive molecular phylogeny of the tribe Leucocoryneae was inferred based on nuclear ribosomal ITS andplastid (ndhF and matK) sequences. We used Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analyses to predict ancestor-descendant relationships. Our results confirmed the monophyly of the four tribes of subfamily Allioideae.Similarly, within the Leucocoryneae, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, and Nothosocordum Sect. Inodorum were also monophyletic;Tristagma and Nothoscordum would be monophyletic if including Ipheion and Beauverdia, respectively.Network analyses were implemented to reveal putative scenarios of reticulate evolution. Both, current and ancestralhybridization events have presumably occurred among species of Nothoscordum Sect. Nothoscordum andBeauverdia favored by spatial overlapping of populations, flowering synchrony and a puzzling pattern of cytogeneticattributes. The estimation of divergence time indicates that the tribe Leucocoryneae originated in theLate Oligocene in southern South America with possible ancestors in Africa. Most crown lineages within the tribediversified in conjunction with biogeographical events during the Late Miocene to Pliocene. We posit that newsuitable environments available after the Andean uplift and during the Age of the Southern Plains provided thefavorable geographic setting for the major lineages of Leucocoryneae in southern Pampas, extra-Andean Patagonia,Andean mountains, and in Chile. Hybridization, polyploidization, and Robertsonian translocations of chromosomeshave been the driving forces and major sources of speciation in the evolution of tribe Leucocoryneae