INVESTIGADORES
SALOMON Oscar Daniel
capítulos de libros
Título:
Leishmaniasis and environment in Argentina: an eco-epidemiological approach.
Autor/es:
SALOMON OD; MASTRANGELO AV; QUINTANA MG; ROSA JR
Libro:
Encyclopedia of Environmental Health Vol 3
Editorial:
Elsevier
Referencias:
Lugar: Burlington; Año: 2011; p. 481 - 490
Resumen:
The leishmaniases are a group of diseases affecting
mammals, including humans, caused by different Trypanosomatidae
parasites of the genus Leishmania. The
infection can range from asymptomatic and self-limiting
skin ulcers to mutilating lesions, systemic involvement,
and death. Consequently, the social impact of leishmaniases
ranges from aesthetic problems, to physically disabling
conditions in an environment of inadequate
familial support, to an epidemic causing significant loss of
life.Leishmania. The
infection can range from asymptomatic and self-limiting
skin ulcers to mutilating lesions, systemic involvement,
and death. Consequently, the social impact of leishmaniases
ranges from aesthetic problems, to physically disabling
conditions in an environment of inadequate
familial support, to an epidemic causing significant loss of
life.
Leishmania are intracellular parasites of the mammalian
immune system. The species of Leishmania that
are currently circulating in the Americas do not generate
immunoprotection. The pathologic expression in
the skin, mucosa, or internal organs depends mainly on
the parasite species and strain, but it can also be associated
with the vector, host, reservoir, environment, and
epidemiological scenario.
In the Americas, each Leishmania species is transmitted
by a single or multiple species of tiny Phlebotominae
insects of the genus Lutzomyia that inhabit tropical forests.
Owing to deforestation, environmental modification, and
global warming patterns, scientists have predicted both
extinction and the opposite extreme of leishmaniases
pandemic. Leishmaniasis was cited as one of the main
factors in the extinction of dinosaurs by Zinsser in a
document from the early twentieth century, and this idea
resurfaced almost a century later in the work of Poinar
and other scholars.
However, despite the intensive and extensive deforestation
of tropical and subtropical forests over the
past several decades, leishmaniases remain endemic in 88
countries of the intertropical belt, and the reported incidence
of leishmaniasis in humans has increased steadily
worldwide since the 1980s. This increase has been attributed
to concurrent anthropological, biological, and
climatological factors; these are related primarily to
landscape modification connected to land and water use
or unplanned urbanization, and to the immune status of
vulnerable populations. The incidence is estimated at
2 000 000 cases per year, and the prevalence is estimated
to be 12 000 000 cases. According to World Health Organization,
leishmaniases are responsible for 2 356 609
disability-adjusted life years, including 1 848 930 years of
life lost and 507 609 years lost due to disability. Clearly,
the predictions that leishmaniasis would go extinct as a
result of deforestation were inaccurate. In addition, the
disease has not jeopardized humanity beyond the extent
to which humanity has jeopardized itself.
Three issues help to illustrate the concepts and misperceptions
around the relationship between the environment
and leishmaniasis transmission patterns: (1)
the time and space scales of the data and those used for
the analysis, and the conclusions; (2) the cultural dimension
of leishmaniasis transmission; and (3) the resilience
of the scientific paradigm compared to the
dynamism of nature. The former two topics will be discussed
for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Argentina, which
serves as a case study of interactions between a vectorborne
disease and the environment. The third point will
be addressed within the discussion of the prior two.are intracellular parasites of the mammalian
immune system. The species of Leishmania that
are currently circulating in the Americas do not generate
immunoprotection. The pathologic expression in
the skin, mucosa, or internal organs depends mainly on
the parasite species and strain, but it can also be associated
with the vector, host, reservoir, environment, and
epidemiological scenario.
In the Americas, each Leishmania species is transmitted
by a single or multiple species of tiny Phlebotominae
insects of the genus Lutzomyia that inhabit tropical forests.
Owing to deforestation, environmental modification, and
global warming patterns, scientists have predicted both
extinction and the opposite extreme of leishmaniases
pandemic. Leishmaniasis was cited as one of the main
factors in the extinction of dinosaurs by Zinsser in a
document from the early twentieth century, and this idea
resurfaced almost a century later in the work of Poinar
and other scholars.
However, despite the intensive and extensive deforestation
of tropical and subtropical forests over the
past several decades, leishmaniases remain endemic in 88
countries of the intertropical belt, and the reported incidence
of leishmaniasis in humans has increased steadily
worldwide since the 1980s. This increase has been attributed
to concurrent anthropological, biological, and
climatological factors; these are related primarily to
landscape modification connected to land and water use
or unplanned urbanization, and to the immune status of
vulnerable populations. The incidence is estimated at
2 000 000 cases per year, and the prevalence is estimated
to be 12 000 000 cases. According to World Health Organization,
leishmaniases are responsible for 2 356 609
disability-adjusted life years, including 1 848 930 years of
life lost and 507 609 years lost due to disability. Clearly,
the predictions that leishmaniasis would go extinct as a
result of deforestation were inaccurate. In addition, the
disease has not jeopardized humanity beyond the extent
to which humanity has jeopardized itself.
Three issues help to illustrate the concepts and misperceptions
around the relationship between the environment
and leishmaniasis transmission patterns: (1)
the time and space scales of the data and those used for
the analysis, and the conclusions; (2) the cultural dimension
of leishmaniasis transmission; and (3) the resilience
of the scientific paradigm compared to the
dynamism of nature. The former two topics will be discussed
for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Argentina, which
serves as a case study of interactions between a vectorborne
disease and the environment. The third point will
be addressed within the discussion of the prior two.Leishmania that
are currently circulating in the Americas do not generate
immunoprotection. The pathologic expression in
the skin, mucosa, or internal organs depends mainly on
the parasite species and strain, but it can also be associated
with the vector, host, reservoir, environment, and
epidemiological scenario.
In the Americas, each Leishmania species is transmitted
by a single or multiple species of tiny Phlebotominae
insects of the genus Lutzomyia that inhabit tropical forests.
Owing to deforestation, environmental modification, and
global warming patterns, scientists have predicted both
extinction and the opposite extreme of leishmaniases
pandemic. Leishmaniasis was cited as one of the main
factors in the extinction of dinosaurs by Zinsser in a
document from the early twentieth century, and this idea
resurfaced almost a century later in the work of Poinar
and other scholars.
However, despite the intensive and extensive deforestation
of tropical and subtropical forests over the
past several decades, leishmaniases remain endemic in 88
countries of the intertropical belt, and the reported incidence
of leishmaniasis in humans has increased steadily
worldwide since the 1980s. This increase has been attributed
to concurrent anthropological, biological, and
climatological factors; these are related primarily to
landscape modification connected to land and water use
or unplanned urbanization, and to the immune status of
vulnerable populations. The incidence is estimated at
2 000 000 cases per year, and the prevalence is estimated
to be 12 000 000 cases. According to World Health Organization,
leishmaniases are responsible for 2 356 609
disability-adjusted life years, including 1 848 930 years of
life lost and 507 609 years lost due to disability. Clearly,
the predictions that leishmaniasis would go extinct as a
result of deforestation were inaccurate. In addition, the
disease has not jeopardized humanity beyond the extent
to which humanity has jeopardized itself.
Three issues help to illustrate the concepts and misperceptions
around the relationship between the environment
and leishmaniasis transmission patterns: (1)
the time and space scales of the data and those used for
the analysis, and the conclusions; (2) the cultural dimension
of leishmaniasis transmission; and (3) the resilience
of the scientific paradigm compared to the
dynamism of nature. The former two topics will be discussed
for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Argentina, which
serves as a case study of interactions between a vectorborne
disease and the environment. The third point will
be addressed within the discussion of the prior two.Leishmania species is transmitted
by a single or multiple species of tiny Phlebotominae
insects of the genus Lutzomyia that inhabit tropical forests.
Owing to deforestation, environmental modification, and
global warming patterns, scientists have predicted both
extinction and the opposite extreme of leishmaniases
pandemic. Leishmaniasis was cited as one of the main
factors in the extinction of dinosaurs by Zinsser in a
document from the early twentieth century, and this idea
resurfaced almost a century later in the work of Poinar
and other scholars.
However, despite the intensive and extensive deforestation
of tropical and subtropical forests over the
past several decades, leishmaniases remain endemic in 88
countries of the intertropical belt, and the reported incidence
of leishmaniasis in humans has increased steadily
worldwide since the 1980s. This increase has been attributed
to concurrent anthropological, biological, and
climatological factors; these are related primarily to
landscape modification connected to land and water use
or unplanned urbanization, and to the immune status of
vulnerable populations. The incidence is estimated at
2 000 000 cases per year, and the prevalence is estimated
to be 12 000 000 cases. According to World Health Organization,
leishmaniases are responsible for 2 356 609
disability-adjusted life years, including 1 848 930 years of
life lost and 507 609 years lost due to disability. Clearly,
the predictions that leishmaniasis would go extinct as a
result of deforestation were inaccurate. In addition, the
disease has not jeopardized humanity beyond the extent
to which humanity has jeopardized itself.
Three issues help to illustrate the concepts and misperceptions
around the relationship between the environment
and leishmaniasis transmission patterns: (1)
the time and space scales of the data and those used for
the analysis, and the conclusions; (2) the cultural dimension
of leishmaniasis transmission; and (3) the resilience
of the scientific paradigm compared to the
dynamism of nature. The former two topics will be discussed
for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Argentina, which
serves as a case study of interactions between a vectorborne
disease and the environment. The third point will
be addressed within the discussion of the prior two.Lutzomyia that inhabit tropical forests.
Owing to deforestation, environmental modification, and
global warming patterns, scientists have predicted both
extinction and the opposite extreme of leishmaniases
pandemic. Leishmaniasis was cited as one of the main
factors in the extinction of dinosaurs by Zinsser in a
document from the early twentieth century, and this idea
resurfaced almost a century later in the work of Poinar
and other scholars.
However, despite the intensive and extensive deforestation
of tropical and subtropical forests over the
past several decades, leishmaniases remain endemic in 88
countries of the intertropical belt, and the reported incidence
of leishmaniasis in humans has increased steadily
worldwide since the 1980s. This increase has been attributed
to concurrent anthropological, biological, and
climatological factors; these are related primarily to
landscape modification connected to land and water use
or unplanned urbanization, and to the immune status of
vulnerable populations. The incidence is estimated at
2 000 000 cases per year, and the prevalence is estimated
to be 12 000 000 cases. According to World Health Organization,
leishmaniases are responsible for 2 356 609
disability-adjusted life years, including 1 848 930 years of
life lost and 507 609 years lost due to disability. Clearly,
the predictions that leishmaniasis would go extinct as a
result of deforestation were inaccurate. In addition, the
disease has not jeopardized humanity beyond the extent
to which humanity has jeopardized itself.
Three issues help to illustrate the concepts and misperceptions
around the relationship between the environment
and leishmaniasis transmission patterns: (1)
the time and space scales of the data and those used for
the analysis, and the conclusions; (2) the cultural dimension
of leishmaniasis transmission; and (3) the resilience
of the scientific paradigm compared to the
dynamism of nature. The former two topics will be discussed
for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Argentina, which
serves as a case study of interactions between a vectorborne
disease and the environment. The third point will
be addressed within the discussion of the prior two.
