Hunting and Habitat Destruction Drive Widespread Functional Declines of Top Predators in a Global Deforestation Hotspot

ROMERO?MUÑOZ, ALFREDO; BLEYHL, BENJAMIN; BENÍTEZ?LÓPEZ, ANA; CAMINO, MICAELA; DECARRE, JULIETA; NANNI, A. SOFÍA; NOSS, ANDREW; GIORDANO, ANTHONY J.; QUIROGA, VERÓNICA A.; TORRES, RICARDO; THOMPSON, JEFFREY J.; VILLALBA, LAURA; NUÑEZ REGUEIRO, MAURICIO M.; DE ANGELO, CARLOS; KUEMMERLE, TOBIAS

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS

WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC

Año: 2025 vol. 31

1366-9516

Aim: We investigated the effects of habitat destruction and hunting on the functional decline of top predators, specifically jaguarand puma, in the Gran Chaco.Location: The 1.1 million km 2 South American Gran Chaco.Methods: We used spatially explicit, individual-based models for jaguars and pumas, incorporating detailed information onhabitat suitability and hunting pressure. We parameterized our models with literature data and calibrated them through a Delphiexpert-elicitation process. We simulated population trajectories under a hypothetical, threat-free, baseline versus different threatscenarios.Results: Under combined threats of hunting and habitat loss, jaguar and puma populations declined by 88% and 80%, respec-tively, compared to range contractions of 48% and 35%, respectively. Both species remained regionally viable, particularly due tolarge protected areas, which acted as population sources but were surrounded by strong sinks. We observed a widespread weak-ening of the top carnivore guild function, with at least one species extirpated across 67% of the Chaco and strong declines (> 80%; considered here as functional loss) for both species concurrently across 61% of their area of historical co- occurrence. Hunting wasa much stronger driver of population declines (88% and 77% for jaguars and pumas, respectively) compared to habitat destruction(26% and 22%).Main Conclusions: Large predators play key functional roles in ecosystems. Our findings reveal that these functions can belost over vast areas due to the combined effects of habitat destruction and hunting, with functional loss extending far beyond theareas of species' extirpation. Very large protected areas, like Kaa-Iya in Bolivia, are crucial for maintaining viable populations oftop predators, highlighting the pressing need for increased protection and connectivity in the Chaco to prevent further trophicdowngrading. More generally, our research underscores the value of spatially detailed, mechanistic models for disentangling thecomplex dynamics of multiple threats on ecological functioning at broad scales.