INVESTIGADORES
PRIOTTO Jose Waldemar
artículos
SOMMARO, LUCIA V; MARTÍNEZ, JUAN J; CHIAPPERO, MARINA B; STEINMANN, ANDREA R; GARDENAL, CRISTINA N; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ W
Relatedness dynamics and sex-biased dispersal in a seasonal cycle of corn mice from intensively managed agroecosystems
Current Zoology; Año: 2024 vol. 70 p. 1 - 12
MARTÍNEZ, JUAN J; SOMMARO, LUCIA V; VERA NOELIA; CHIAPPERO, MARINA B; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ W
Contemporary Body Size Variation of Neotropical Rodents: Environmental and Genetic Effects
Evolutionary Biology; Año: 2024 vol. 51 p. 166 - 178
GOMEZ M DANIELA; PRVITALI M. ANDREA; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ W; PROVENSAL, M. CECILIA
ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES IN LAND USE AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON RODENT POPULATIONS RESERVOIRS OF ZOONOTIC VIRUSES CAMBIOS ANTROPOGÉNICOS EN EL USO DE LA TIERRA Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS EN POBLACIONES DE ROEDORES RESERVORIOS DE VIRUS ZOONÓTICOS
Mastozoologia Neotropical; Año: 2024 vol. 31
CHIAPPERO, MARINA B; VERA, NOELIA SOLEDAD; SOMMARO, LUCIA V; SIMONE IVANA; STEINMANN A.; GARDENAL, CRISTINA N; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Effective dispersal and genetic structure of a small mammal in an intensively managed agricultural landscape: is there any barrier to movement?
EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY; Lugar: Berlin; Año: 2023
ANTONELLI, CECILIA ROCÍO; SAN MIGUEL, TOMÁS VALENTÍN; DE ANGELO, CARLOS; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ; PROVENSAL, MARÍA CECILIA; GOMEZ, MARÍA DANIELA
What happened to the house mouse: Modelling the occupancy of Mus musculus in an argentine city considering its urban growth
LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING; Año: 2022 vol. 227
CONTRERAS, FACUNDO; GOIJMAN, ANDREA P.; CODA, JOSÉ A.; SERAFINI, VANESA N.; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ W.
Bird occupancy in intensively managed agroecosystems under large-scale organic and conventional farming in Argentina: A multi-species approach
THE SCIENCE OF TOTAL ENVIRONMENT; Año: 2022 vol. 805
CONTRERAS FACUNDO; PEREZ MARTÍN; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; CODA JOSÉ; MAPELLI FERNANDO
Nuevos registros del tuco-tuco de Reig (Ctenomys osvaldoreigi) para la Pampa de Achala, Córdoba, Argentina
Notas Sobre mamíferos Sudamericanos; Año: 2022 vol. 4
MAPELLI, FERNANDO J.; TETA, PABLO; CONTRERAS, FACUNDO; PEREYRA, DANIELA; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ W.; CODA, JOSÉ A.
Looking under stones: A new Ctenomys species from the rocky foothills of the Sierras Grandes of central Argentina
JOURNAL OF MAMMALIAN EVOLUTION; Año: 2022
ALONSO ROLDÁN, VIRGINIA; CAMINO, MICAELA; ARGOITIA, ANTONELLA; CAMPOS, CLAUDIA M.; CARUSO, NICOLÁS; EDER, ELENA B.; BALDI, RICARDO; BIROCHIO, DIEGO E.; CAPPA, FLAVIO M.; LASSAGA, M. VICTORIA; LUZ OLMEDO, M.; FORMOSO, ANAHÍ; D'AGOSTINO, VALERIA C.; GONZÁLEZ NOSCHESE, CAMILA S.; UDRIZAR SAUTHIER, DANIEL; JUÁREZ, CECILIA P.; DEGRATI, MARIANA; IGLESIAS, MARTÍN; COELHO, LORENA; SOSA DROUVILLE, AILÍN; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ W.
Potential contributions of mammals to human well-being in Argentina
Mastozoología Neotropical; Año: 2022 vol. 29 p. 1 - 814
ZUFIAURRE, EMMANUEL; ABBA, AGUSTÍN M.; CODA, JOSÉ; GOMEZ, MARÍA DANIELA; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ; BILENCA, DAVID N.
Burrowing activity by large hairy armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) increases in plots under no-till farming
MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY; Año: 2021
CODA, JOSÉ ANTONIO; MARTÍNEZ, JUAN JOSÉ; SERAFINI, VANESA NATALIA; GOMEZ, MARÍA DANIELA; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ WALDEMAR
Phenotypic variability and developmental instability in rodents from different agricultural farming systems: organic vs. conventional
MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY; Año: 2021 vol. 101 p. 1019 - 1032
GOMEZ, MARÍA DANIELA; CODA JOSÉ; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ
Agricultura orgánica y biodiversidad
Ciencia Hoy; Lugar: Buenos Aires; Año: 2019 vol. 28
SERAFINI, VANESA NATALIA; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ W.; GOMEZ, MARÍA DANIELA
Effects of agroecosystem landscape complexity on small mammals: a multi-species approach at different spatial scales
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; Año: 2019 vol. 34 p. 1117 - 1129
SERAFINI VANESA; CODA JOSÉ; CONTRERAS FACUNDO; CONROY MICHAEL; GOMEZ M DANIELA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
The landscape complexity relevance to farming effect assessment on small mammal occupancy in Argentinian farmlands
OECOLOGIA; Lugar: Berlin; Año: 2019
VERA, NOELIA SOLEDAD; CHIAPPERO, MARINA BEATRIZ; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ WALDEMAR; SOMMARO, LUCÍA VALERIA; STEINMANN, ANDREA ROSA; GARDENAL, CRISTINA NOEMÍ
Genetic structure of populations of the Pampean grassland mouse, Akodon azarae, in an agroecosystem under intensive management
MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY; Año: 2019 vol. 98 p. 52 - 60
BONATTO FLORENCIA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN, ANDREA
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF PREGNANT FEMALES OF Akodon azarae: A STRATEGY TO REDUCE INFANTICIDE RISK OF THEIR YOUNGS NEXT TO BE BORN?
Mastozoología Neotropical; Año: 2019 vol. 25 p. 255 - 262
SERAFINI, VANESA NATALIA; GOMEZ M DANIELA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Interspecific competition and demography of small mammals in linear habitats.
ECOLOGÍA AUSTRAL; Lugar: Buenos Aires; Año: 2019 vol. 29 p. 416 - 429
GOMEZ M DANIELA; GOIGMAN ANDREA; CODA JOSÉ; SERAFINI VANESA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Small mammal responses to farming practices in central Argentinian agroecosystems: the use of hierarchical occupancy models
AUSTRAL ECOLOGY; Lugar: Londres; Año: 2018 vol. 43 p. 828 - 838
BONATTO FLORENCIA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; CODA JOSÉ; STEINMANN, ANDREA
Female intrasexual territoriality and its potential adaptive significance: the Pampean grassland mouse as an ecological model species.
ETHOLOGY; Lugar: Londres; Año: 2017 vol. 123 p. 230 - 241
LESSA ENRIQUE; MARROIG, GABRIEL; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF MASTOZOOLOGÍA NEOTROPICAL
MASTOZOOLOGí­A NEOTROPICAL; Lugar: Mendoza; Año: 2017 vol. 24 p. 5 - 8
CODA JOSÉ; MARTÍNEZ JUAN JOSÉ; STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; GOMEZ M DANIELA
FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY AS AN INDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS IN SMALL MAMMALS
MASTOZOOLOGí­A NEOTROPICAL; Lugar: Mendoza; Año: 2017 vol. 24 p. 313 - 321
PRIOTTO JOSÉ
IMPACTO DE ACTIVIDADES PRODUCTIVAS SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD, DISTRIBUCIÓN Y ABUNDANCIA DE MAMÍFEROS DE ARGENTINA
MASTOZOOLOGí­A NEOTROPICAL; Año: 2017 vol. 24 p. 273 - 275
GOMEZ DANIELA; SERAFINI VANESA; CODA JOSÉ; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ
Demographic dynamics of Akodon azarae (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) in linear habitats of agricultural landscapes of central Argentina
STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT; Lugar: Londres; Año: 2016
CONTRERAS FACUNDO; ESCUDERO JAVIER; BONATTO FLORENCIA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN ANDREA
JERARQUÍA DE DOMINANCIA Y ELECCIÓN DE MACHOS POR PARTE DE HEMBRAS EN Akodon azarae (CRICETIDAE: SIGMODONTINAE): UN ESTUDIO EXPERIMENTAL.
MASTOZOOLOGí­A NEOTROPICAL; Lugar: Mendoza; Año: 2016
AVILA ANA BELEN; BONATTO FLORENCIA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN AANDREA
Effects of high density on spacing behaviour and reproduction in Akodon azarae: a fencing experiment
ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY; Lugar: Paris; Año: 2016 vol. 70 p. 67 - 73
CHIAPPERO MARINA; SOMMARO LUCÍA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; WIERNES MARÍA ; STEINMANN ANDREA; GARDENAL CRISTINA
Spatio-temporal genetic structure of the rodent Calomys venustus in linear, fragmented habitats
JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY; Lugar: Lawrence; Año: 2016 vol. 97 p. 424 - 435
CODA JOSÉ; GOMEZ DANIELA; MARTÍNEZ JUAN JOSÉ; STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
The use of fluctuating asymetry as a measure of farming practice effects in rodents: A species-specific response
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS; Lugar: Amsterdam; Año: 2016 vol. 70 p. 269 - 275
ANDINO, NATALIA; NORDENSTAHL, MARISA; FORNÉS, MIGUEL; PRIOTTO, JOSÉ; GIANNONI, STELLA
Pre4cipitation drives reproductive activity in male Microcavia australis in the monte desert
MASTOZOOLOGí­A NEOTROPICAL; Lugar: Mendoza; Año: 2016 vol. 23 p. 17 - 24
SOMMARO LUCÍA; CHIAPPERO MARINA; VERA NOELIA; CODA JOSÉ; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN AANDREA
MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN A WILD POPULATION OF THE CORN MOUSE: ITS POTENTIAL ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE FOR FEMALES
JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY; Lugar: Lawrence; Año: 2015 vol. 96 p. 908 - 917
CODA JOSÉ; GOMEZ DANIELA; STEINMANN AANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Small mammals in farmlands of Argentina: Responses to organic and conventional farming
AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT; Lugar: Amsterdam; Año: 2015 vol. 211
BONATTO FLORENCIA; STEINMANN ANDREA; GOMEZ M DANIELA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Do polygynous males of Akodon azarae (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) vary their mating tactics at low availability of females?
MAMMALIA; Lugar: Berlin; Año: 2015 vol. 79
GOMEZ DANIELA; CODA JOSÉ; SIMONE IVANA; MARTÍNEZ JUAN JOSÉ; BONATTO FLORENCIA; STEINMANN AANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Agricultural land-use intensity and its effects on small mammals in the central region of Argentina
Mammal Research; Año: 2015
MARTÍNEZ JUAN JOSÉ; MILLEN VIRGINE; SIMONE IVANA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Ecological preference between generalist and specialist rodents: spatial and environmental correlates of phenotypic variation
Biological Journal of The Linnean Society; Año: 2014 vol. 112 p. 180 - 203
CODA JOSÉ; GOMEZ M DANIELA; STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
The effects of agricultural management on the reproductive activity of female rodents in Argentina.
BASIC AND APPLIED ECOLOGY; Lugar: ALEMANIA; Año: 2014 vol. 15 p. 407 - 415
BONATTO FLORENCIA; CODA JOSÉ; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN ANDREA
Inter-female territorial behavior in pampean grassland mouse, Akodon azarae (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)
MASTOZOOLOGíA NEOTROPICAL; Lugar: Mendoza; Año: 2013 vol. 20 p. 367 - 372
GELIN M LAURA; GOMEZ M DANIELA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Demographic responses of Akodon azarae (Rodentia: Cricetidae) enclosed populations to Rogenhofera bonaeriensis bot fly parasitism
MASTOZOOLOGíA NEOTROPICAL; Lugar: Mendoza; Año: 2013 vol. 20 p. 387 - 392
BONATTO FLORENCIA; CODA JOSÉ; GOMEZ M DANIELA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN ANDREA
Inter-male aggression with regard to polygynous mating system in Pampean grassland mouse, Akodon azarae (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)
JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY; Lugar: Tokyo; Año: 2013 p. 2 - 11
BONATTO FLORENCIA; GOMEZ DANIELA; STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Mating strategies of Pampean mouse males
ANIMAL BIOLOGY; Lugar: Leiden; Año: 2012 vol. 62 p. 381 - 396
GOMEZ M DANIELA; STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Demographic response to the manipulation of adult females in corn mouse populations
ECOLOGÍA AUSTRAL; Lugar: Buenos Aires; Año: 2012 vol. 22 p. 121 - 128
FRANCISCO POLOP; MARÍA CECILIA PROVENSAL; JOSÉ PRIOTTO; ANDREA STEINMANN; JAIME POLOP
Differential effects of climate, environment, and land use on two sympatric species of Akodon
STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT; Lugar: Londres; Año: 2012 vol. 47 p. 147 - 156
VERA NOELIA; CHIAPPERO MARINA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; GARDENAL CRISTINA
Isolation of microsatellite loci in Akodon azarae (Muridae, Sigmodontinae) and cross-amplification in other Akodontini species
JOURNAL OF GENETICS; Año: 2011 vol. 90 p. 25 - 29
STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Inter-male aggression in relation to female availability and residence status in corn mice Calomys musculinus
ACTA THERIOLOGICA; Año: 2011 vol. 56 p. 81 - 89
STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
El ratón maicero y su compotamiento
Ciencia Hoy; Año: 2011 p. 53 - 59
CODA JOSÉ; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN ANDREA
Behavioral counter-strategies against infanticide in corn mouse females, Calomys musculinus
MASTOZOOLOGíA NEOTROPICAL; Año: 2011 vol. 18 p. 1 - 215
GOMEZ DANIELA; SOMMARO LUCÍA; STEINMANN AANDREA; CHIAPPERO MARINA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Movement distances of two species of sympatric rodents in linear habitats of Central Argentine agro-ecosystems
MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY; Año: 2011 vol. 76 p. 58 - 63
POLOP FRANCISCO; PROVENSAL M. CECILIA; PINNI NOEMÍ; LEVIS SILVANA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; ENRÍA DELIA; CALDERÓN GLADYS; COSTA FEDERICO; POLOP JAIME
Temporal and spatial host abundance and prevalence of Andes hantavirus in Southern Argentina
EcoHealth; Año: 2010 vol. 7 p. 176 - 184
SOMMARO LUCÍA; STEINMANN ANDREA; CHIAPPERO MARINA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Effect of high density on the short term Calomys musculinus spacing behaviour: a fencing experiment
ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY; Año: 2010 vol. 36 p. 343 - 348
PRIOTTO JOSÉ; GOMEZ DANIELA; POLOP JAIME
A demographic analysis of population responses to the manipulation of adult males in Calomys venustus (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae)
Ecological Research; Año: 2010 p. 1 - 9
SOMMARO LUCÍA; GOMEZ DANIELA; BONATTO FLORENCIA; STEINMANN ANDREA; CHIAPPERO MARINA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
CORN MICE (CALOMYS MUSCULINUS) MOVEMENT IN LINEAR HABITATS OF AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS
JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY; Año: 2010 vol. 91 p. 668 - 673
SOMMARO LUCÍA; GOMEZ DANIELA; STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Sexual maturation and reproductive activity of spring-born females corn mice, Calomys musculinus, in absence of adults
MASTOZOOLOGíA NEOTROPICAL; Año: 2009 vol. 16 p. 403 - 410
STEINMANN A.; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; POLOP JAIME
Territorial behaviour in corn mice, Calomys musculinus (Muridae: Sigmodontinae), with regard to mating system
Journal of Ethology; Año: 2009 p. 51 - 58
VERÓNICA ANDREO; MAURICIOP LIMA; CECILIA PROVENSAL; JOSÉ PRIOTTO; JAIME POLOP
Population dynamics of two rodent species in agro-ecosystems of central Argentina: intra-specific competition, land-use, and climate effects
Population Ecology; Año: 2009 vol. 51 p. 1 - 6
MARÍA DANIELA GOMEZ; JOSÉ PRIOTTO; MARÍA CECILIA PROVENSAL; ANDREA STEINMANN; ERNESTO CASTILLO; JAIME POLOP
A population study of house mice (Mus musculus) inhabiting
INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION; Año: 2008 vol. 62 p. 270 - 273
PRIOTTO J, PROVENSAL C, POLOP J
Effect of adults on juvenile reproduction of Calomys venustus (Muridae: Sigmodontinae)
AUSTRAL ECOLOGY; Año: 2006 vol. 31 p. 859 - 868
STEINMANN A, PRIOTTO J, SOMMARO L, POLOP J
The influence of adult female absence on the spacing behaviour of juvenile corn mce, Calomys musculinus: a removal experiment
Ann. Zool. Fennici; Año: 2006 vol. 43 p. 366 - 372
PROVENSAL M, CASTILLO E, STEINMANN A, PRIOTTO J, Y J POLOP
Evaluación de acciones de control de roedores en la ciudad de Río Cuarto, Córdoba.
Revista Argentina de Zoonosis (RAZ); Año: 2006 vol. 3 p. 58 - 64
STEINMANN A, PRIOTTO J, SOMMARO L, POLOP J
Spacing behaviour of juvenile corn mice, Calomys muculinus, at the beginning of the breeding period, in absence of adult males
ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY; Año: 2005
STEINMANN A, PRIOTTO J, CASTILLO E, POLOP J
Size and overlap of home range in Calomys musculinus (Muridae: Sigmodontinae)
ACTA THERIOLOGICA; Año: 2005 vol. 50 p. 197 - 206
RIERA L, CASTILLO E, SAAVEDRA M, PRIOTTO J, SOTTOSANTI J, POLOP J, AMBROSIO A
Serological Study of the Lynphochoriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) in an Inner City of Argentina
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY; Año: 2005 vol. 76 p. 285 - 289
POLOP JAIME; PORCASI XIMENA; CALDERÓN GLADYS; LAMFRI MARIO; SCAVUZZO MARCELO; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; PROVENSAL M. CECILIA; POLOP FRANCISCO; COSTA FEDERICO; SIMONE IVANA; PINI NOEMÍ; LEVIS SILVANA; ENRÍA DELIA
Sensores remotos en el estudio de enfermedades zoonóticas
SELPER; Año: 2005 vol. 3 p. 8 - 13
PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN ANDREA; PROVENSAL M. CECILIA; POLOP JAIME
Juvenil dispersal in Calomys venustus (Muridae: Sigmodontinae)
ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY; Año: 2004 p. 205 - 210
CASTILLO ERNESTO; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; ABROSIO A; PROVENSAL M. CECILIA; PINI NOEMÍ; MORALES M; STEINMANN ANDREA; POLOP JAIME
Commensal and wild rodents in an urban areas of Argentina
INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION; Año: 2003 p. 135 - 141
PRIOTTO JOSÉ; POLOP JAIME
The effect of overwintering adults on juvenile survival of Calomys venustus (Muridae: Sigmodontinae)
AUSTRAL ECOLOGY; Año: 2003 p. 281 - 286
PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN AANDREA; POLOP JAIME
Factors affecting home range size and overlap in Calomys venustus (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) in Argentine agroecosystems
ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SAUGETIERKUNDE-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY; Año: 2002 p. 97 - 104
PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN ANDREA
Factors affecting home range size and overlap in Akodon azarae (Rodentia, Muridae) in natural pasture of Argentina.
ACTA THERIOLOGICA; Año: 1999 p. 37 - 44
AVILA LUCIANO; MORANDO MARIANA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ
Amphibian and reptilian of the high grasslands of the Sierra de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina
Maryland Herpetological Society; Año: 1999 vol. 35 p. 97 - 113
PRIOTTO JOSÉ; POLOP JAIME
Space and time use in syntopic populations of Akodon azarae and Cañomys venustus (Rodentia, Muridae)
ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SAUGETIERKUNDE-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY; Año: 1997 vol. 62 p. 30 - 36
STEINMANN ANDREA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; PROVENSAL M. CECILIA; POLOP JAIME
Odor incidence in the capture of wild rodents in Argentina
MASTOZOOLOGíA NEOTROPICAL; Año: 1997 vol. 4 p. 17 - 24
PRIOTTO JOSÉ; MORANDO MARIANA; AVILA LUCIANO
Nuevas citas de los roedores de los pastizales de altura de la Sierras de Comechingones, Córdoba, Argentina
FACENA; Año: 1996 vol. 12 p. 135 - 138
PROVENSAL M. CECILIA; PRIOTTO JOSÉ; STEINMANN AANDREA; POLOP JAIME
Captura diferencial respecto al tipo de trampa en especies de cricetidos silvestres de argentina
MASTOZOOLOGíA NEOTROPICAL; Año: 1995 vol. 2 p. 15 - 21