CCT NORDESTE   21817
CENTRO CIENTIFICO TECNOLOGICO CONICET - NORDESTE
Centro Científico Tecnológico - CCT
capítulos de libros
Título:
Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Paradise Tree (Melia azedarach L.)
Autor/es:
LUIS MROGINSKI; SILVIA VILA; HEBE REY
Libro:
Somatic Embryogenesis and Genetic Transformation in Plants
Editorial:
Junaid Aslam, P.S. Srivastava and M.P. Sharma
Referencias:
Lugar: Nueva Delhi; Año: 2012; p. 97 - 102
Resumen:
Several factors affecting somatic embryogenesis induction and conversion in
?paradise tree? (Melia azedarach) were evaluated. Somatic embryogenesis was
influenced by plant growth regulators, stage of development of the explant,
carbohydrate source, gelling agents, light intensity and induction time. MS
medium with 1 mg/l TDZ (thidiazuron) proved to be the best for the induction of
embryogenic tissue. Zygotic embryos, 1-1.5 mm long (torpedo and early
cotyledonar stage), had a greater embryogenic response than smaller or larger
embryos, and resulted in a better conversion of somatic embryos into plants.
Embryos formed in media containing 3% sucrose or raffinose had better
morphology. Induction and conversion of somatic embryos was superior on
medium solidified with agar. The explants maintained under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 or 1
week in darkness and later under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 produced a significantly higher
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
week in darkness and later under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 produced a significantly higher
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
influenced by plant growth regulators, stage of development of the explant,
carbohydrate source, gelling agents, light intensity and induction time. MS
medium with 1 mg/l TDZ (thidiazuron) proved to be the best for the induction of
embryogenic tissue. Zygotic embryos, 1-1.5 mm long (torpedo and early
cotyledonar stage), had a greater embryogenic response than smaller or larger
embryos, and resulted in a better conversion of somatic embryos into plants.
Embryos formed in media containing 3% sucrose or raffinose had better
morphology. Induction and conversion of somatic embryos was superior on
medium solidified with agar. The explants maintained under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 or 1
week in darkness and later under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 produced a significantly higher
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
week in darkness and later under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 produced a significantly higher
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
Melia azedarach) were evaluated. Somatic embryogenesis was
influenced by plant growth regulators, stage of development of the explant,
carbohydrate source, gelling agents, light intensity and induction time. MS
medium with 1 mg/l TDZ (thidiazuron) proved to be the best for the induction of
embryogenic tissue. Zygotic embryos, 1-1.5 mm long (torpedo and early
cotyledonar stage), had a greater embryogenic response than smaller or larger
embryos, and resulted in a better conversion of somatic embryos into plants.
Embryos formed in media containing 3% sucrose or raffinose had better
morphology. Induction and conversion of somatic embryos was superior on
medium solidified with agar. The explants maintained under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 or 1
week in darkness and later under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 produced a significantly higher
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
week in darkness and later under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 produced a significantly higher
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
-2 s-1 or 1
week in darkness and later under 160 ìmol m-2 s-1 produced a significantly higher
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.
-2 s-1 produced a significantly higher
embryogenic index. Only 4 days of treatment on induction medium, with either
raffinose or sucrose at 3% as carbohydrate source, were required to induce
somatic embryogenesis. However, a longer exposure, up to 18 days, increased the
yield and improved the morphology of somatic embryos. After 6 weeks of culture
on induction medium, somatic embryos were categorized in four morphological
classes based on presence of single or fused embryos and considering if they
remained attached or not to the original explant. Somatic embryos of each
category were transferred on 1/4 MS medium. Bipolar, more typically normal
embryos, had well defined shoot and root apical meristems and produced single
plants; when these embryos were subcultured individually, conversion reached
28%. If fused embryos were cultured, only 2.1% conversion was observed and
regenerated plants presented fused stems. The lack of conversion of other embryo
classes was associated with poorly developed shoot and root meristematic areas
or with their complete absence. The converted plants acclimatized and
transferred, in a mist, to soil with a 95% survival rate.