Emerging Advanced Energy Storage Systems: Dynamic Modeling, Control and Simulation

MOLINA, MARCELO GUSTAVO

Nova Science Publishers Inc.

Lugar: Nueva York; Año: 2013 p. 159

978-1-61324-392-3

Although presently utility power systems operate successfully without energy storage, cost-effective ways of storing electrical energy can help make the electric grid more efficient, secure and reliable. Electric energy storage systems (ESSs) can be used to store excess electricity generated during off-peak periods for discharging it at peak hours and thus substituting the power system generation reserve when it is more demanded. This application yields significant benefits such as enhancing the power system operation security, reducing fossil fuel imports for power generation and cutting harmful air pollution.Energy storage technology has the potential to revolutionize power grid operations, since it has the unique capability to move electricity through time by dispensing previously generated energy. This ability can significantly enhance the efficiency of the electric grid and improve the potential of intermittent energy sources. Thus, ESSs can become a necessary and very valuable component of a global clean energy economy of the future intelligent cities by enabling to fully achieve the benefits of smart power grid new concepts. Energy storage supports the grid operation security by directly strengthening the stability and robustness of the electric grid through the provision of critically important ancillary services such as grid frequency control, operating reserve and voltage support. It can regulate short period random variations of frequency during normal operation conditions and response to emergency rapidly. ESSs help enabling a greater percentage of clean and locally generated energy, also called distributed, dispersed or decentralized generation (DG) based on renewable sources, to be utilized instead of fossil fuel. Energy storage optimizes existing grid assets by allowing generators to operate more efficiently, at higher levels of energy efficiency and even at more stable outputs despite load fluctuations. It can defer or even avoid the need for peaking power plants and transmission or distribution facilities. Energy storage allows achieving the positive impacts of clean generation, providing the ride-through capability when there are dynamic variations of primary energy such as renewable sources (particular solar and wind). Hence, ESSs can be used regardless of natural resource availability and further enhance the value of clean DG resources.There are various emerging technologies available in the market for short-term and long-term energy storage with high potential of being applied in electric power systems (EPSs). Such innovative devices include superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), super capacitor energy storage (SCES) also called ultra capacitor energy storage (UCES), flywheel energy storage (FES) and advanced batteries (ABESS), among others. Although several of these technologies were initially envisioned for large-scale load-leveling applications, energy storage is presently seen mostly as a solution for solving many of the challenges regarding the increasing use of renewable energy sources, and improving the operation and control of modern power systems.Much work has been done, especially over the last decades, to assess the overall benefits of incorporating energy storage systems into power systems. However, much less has been done particularly on cutting-edge energy storage technologies and its utilization in modern electric grids, although major benefits apply. Moreover, it is unusual to find a text which conducts a comparative analysis regarding the modeling, controlling and simulation of these modern ESS technologies and their dynamic response in promising future applications. Such is the case of this book where the author summarizes the results of his research in this field carried out at various universities of different countries, including Argentina, Brazil and Germany, over the last decade.In this context, the book offers a major insight into the emerging energy storage technologies for power applications in utility power systems, i.e. placing the emphasis on short-term energy storage capability requirements. The text provides a unique comprehensive analysis of both the modeling and the control design of leading emerging ESS technologies. The study is focused on the three cutting-edge short-term energy storage systems available today, such as super capacitors, SMESs and flywheels. The research examines opportunities for energy storage systems to beneficially impact the generation, distribution and transmission of electric power. The design and implementation of these storage technologies are described in-depth, including the electronic power conditioning system (PCS) used as interface with the grid and the control approach employed. Moreover, the dynamic performance of the storage devices and their impact on the utility grid operation are evaluated by computer simulation.The book starts with an introductory chapter of the energy storage systems and moves on to cover all topics on the dynamic modeling, control and simulation of leading advanced short-term ESS technologies. The document is organized into ten chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction, motivation and goals for analyzing emerging advanced energy storage technologies. Chapter 2 presents the fundamentals of using energy storage in electrical grids. Chapter 3 gives an overview of advanced short-term energy storage technologies, i.e. super capacitors, SMESs and flywheels. In Chapter 4, a general comparison is made of these selected advanced energy storage technologies for power applications in utility power systems. Chapter 5 covers major applications of short-term energy storage technologies in electric systems. The next three chapters, namely Chapters 6 through 8, focus on the theoretical framework for the dynamic modeling and control design of selected advanced ESS devices, including the power electronic interface or PCS for grid-tied operations. In Chapter 9, information on how to implement the models and control systems in the MATLAB/Simulink® software package and digital simulation results are provided using various case studies with the three studied advanced short-term energy storage technologies. Eventually, Chapter 10 presents the discussion, conclusion and recommendations deriving from the presented case studies.The book is designed to provide both students and engineers with answers to questions involving the application of emerging advanced short-term energy storage systems in utility electric systems. The dynamic modeling, control and simulation issues are fully treated in a way that is easily understood and applied. The book can be used as a textbook for graduate students in electrical engineering, or as a reference book for senior undergraduate students and engineers who are engaged in the design and analysis of power electronics equipment for connecting energy storage to the electric utility grid.