IIB   20738
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLOGICAS
Unidad Ejecutora - UE
congresos y reuniones científicas
Título:
Phosphites in potato disease management and their role in sustainable improvement of yield and quality
Autor/es:
LOBATO, M. C.; OLIVIERI, F. P.; LASSO, M.; MACHINANDIARENA, M. F.; FELDMAN, M. L.; DALEO, G. R.; CALDIZ, D. O.; ANDREU, A. B.
Lugar:
Christchurch, Nueva Zelanda
Reunión:
Congreso; 7º World Potato Congress; 2009
Resumen:
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Without fungicides,
conventional potato production is not possible in many regions of Argentina.
Fungicides increase production costs and those commonly used are considered
environmental and human health hazards. Phosphites are low-toxicity compounds
derived from phosphorous acid and combined with different
cations, such as potassium or calcium. While phosphites are widely used to
protect many crops against Phytophthora pathogens, they have not been
adequately tested for control of late blight and other potato diseases.
Phosphites promote, not only activation of plant defense mechanisms, but also
crop development. We have carried out phytopathological, physiological and
biochemical studies when used for potato disease control. Our research
demonstrated a number of promising properties associated with these compounds.
Calcium or potassium phosphites
(CaPhi, KPhi, respectively) applied to seed tubers immediately after cutting at
3 litre
ha-1 promoted early emergence, increased stem number and stem
diameter, produced earlier tuber initiation and increased the number of tubers
per plant in cultivars Bannock Russet, Shepody, Spunta and Kennebec. Ground
cover and chlorophyll content were also enhanced by CaPhi or KPhi treatment. In
addition to these physiological effects, seed tuber treatment with phosphites
increased resistance against Phytophthora infestans, Fusarium solani
and Rhizoctonia solani. Protection was high against P. infestans,
intermediate against F. solani and low against R. solani for all
cultivars tested.
Foliar application of CaPhi or
KPhi provided protection against P. infestans in all cultivars, although
the degree was cultivar specific. Protection was significantly higher at early
stages of crop development. Expression of β-1,3-glucanases was induced at
different times after treatment but no correlation between β-1,3-glucanases
expression and foliar protection level was found.
Tubers from plants treated with
four foliar applications of CaPhi or KPhi had a smaller colony diameter of P
.infestans and a reduction of the lesion area caused by F. solani
and Erwinia caratovora. KPhi had a larger effect than CaPhi. The same
tubers had an increase in the activities of chitinases, peroxidases, serin
protease inhibitors and polygalacturonase inhibiting
protein, which is consistent with the expected role of these products in
stimulating host resistance. However, these responses were also cultivar and compound dependent.
Preliminary studies showed that
the periderm thickness of potato tubers increased in
tubers from treated plants (KPhi), with different pattern of cell wall
proteins. On the other hand, pectin extracts, showed that these are modified by
KPhi treatment or F. solani infection. Morpho-histological analysis will
contribute to determine if these changes in the cell wall architecture are part
of the defense responses induced by KPhi.
Phosphite applications caused an
increase in total yield in all cultivars except Spunta.
Based on these results, it is
concluded that KPhi and CaPhi play an important role in
potato disease management, in enhancing yield and tuber quality. The
response to Phi treatment depends on both the type of Phi and the cultivar
analyzed. This is of interest to further utilizations of Phi in integrated crop
management strategies.