IBCN   20355
INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA CELULAR Y NEUROCIENCIA "PROFESOR EDUARDO DE ROBERTIS"
Unidad Ejecutora - UE
capítulos de libros
Título:
Role of the cortex in the regulation of anxiety states.
Autor/es:
NOELIA V WEISSTAUB; CAITLIN MCORMISH; JAMES HANKS; JAY A GINGRICH
Libro:
Anxiety Disorders: Theory, Reseach and Clinical Perspectives
Editorial:
Cambrigde University Press
Referencias:
Año: 2009;
Resumen:
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In
evolutionary terms, anxiety is considered to be a conserved behavioral response
to a warning signal or a threat (Fuchs, E & Flugge, G, 2004, 546-557). This
behavior predisposes the individual to recognize potential dangers and to
prepare to deal with the threat, allowing the individual to take measures to reduce exposure to
danger.
Over
the last two decades there has been an increased interest in understanding the
role of cortical areas in controlling anxiety, particularly due to the
modulatory role that the cortex has over downstream structures. One of the main
functions of the frontal cortices, and especially the prefrontal cortex (PFC),
is to enable preferential processing of task relevant over task irrelevant
stimuli.
Although most of the data regarding
the role of the cortex in anxiety disorders has come from human imaging
studies, there is a growing literature in animals relating cortical areas with
anxiety. Particularly, the infralimbic (IL) region of the vmPFC in rats has
been heavily implicated in extinction and the retrieval of extinction memories,
others are directly involved in regulation of fear responses. The prelimbic area of the vmPFC is necessary
for fear expression. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations in animal models
have demonstrated the relevance of numerous neurotransmitter systems in
regulating anxiety responses including glutamate, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA),
adenosine, cannabinoids, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin (5-HT) and various
neuropeptides. Particularly the serotonergic system seems to play an important
role in the regulation of emotions, including anxiety, fear and depression. The
role of the serotonergic system in the control of emotional responses is
intricate, the final outcome being the net result of complex actions over
different receptor types, driving the modulation of subcortical regions.
Despite this complexity, animal models are starting to give us the tools to
specifically dissect the role of different components of the serotonergic
system and to begin to understand how the role of the cortex in regulating
anxiety states.