Vocal differences between Argentine subspecies of ultramarine grosbeak

TUBARO, P. L.; BARREIRA, A.; KOPUCHIAN, C.

Campos do Jordao

Congreso; XXV International Ornithological Congress; 2010

International Ornithological Committee

There are two subspecies of ultramarine grosbeak (Cyanocompsa brissonii) in Argentina. The subspecies from Chaco (C. b. argentina) is larger than the one from the eastern part of the country (C. b. sterea). Both forms also differ in their colour. In this study we present a spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. country (C. b. sterea). Both forms also differ in their colour. In this study we present a spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. subspecies from Chaco (C. b. argentina) is larger than the one from the eastern part of the country (C. b. sterea). Both forms also differ in their colour. In this study we present a spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. country (C. b. sterea). Both forms also differ in their colour. In this study we present a spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. Cyanocompsa brissonii) in Argentina. The subspecies from Chaco (C. b. argentina) is larger than the one from the eastern part of the country (C. b. sterea). Both forms also differ in their colour. In this study we present a spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. country (C. b. sterea). Both forms also differ in their colour. In this study we present a spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. C. b. argentina) is larger than the one from the eastern part of the country (C. b. sterea). Both forms also differ in their colour. In this study we present a spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini. C. b. sterea). Both forms also differ in their colour. In this study we present a spectrographic analysis of their song variation and compare these patterns with those present in other related species. We found significant differences between the songs of both subspecies in acoustic frequency variables (maximum frequency, minimum frequency, bandwidth and emphasized frequency), but in general we did not find differences in their temporal variables. The only exception was in the rate of frequency inflections (i.e. rate of changes in the direction of the frequency modulation of the notes). These differences are consistent with previous findings in other groups showing the existence of a negative relationship between acoustic song frequencies and body size. In addition, differences in the rate of frequency inflections might be related to other morphological and biomechanical features of the beak. The comparative analysis of these results using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed that at least some of these patterns of song variation are rather general in the tribe Cardinalini.