MACNBR   00242
MUSEO ARGENTINO DE CIENCIAS NATURALES "BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA"
Unidad Ejecutora - UE
artículos
Título:
Phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic spider family Penestomidae (new rank), generic phylogeny of Eresidae, and other advances in spider phylogeny (Araneae, Araneoidea, Entelegynae).
Autor/es:
MILLER, J.; CARMICHAEL, A.; RAMÍREZ, M. J.; SPAGNA, J.; HADDAD, C. R.; REZAC, M.; JOHANNESEN, J.; KRAL, J.; WANG, X.; GRISWOLD, C.
Revista:
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Editorial:
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
Referencias:
Lugar: New York; Año: 2010 vol. 55 p. 786 - 804
ISSN:
1055-7903
Resumen:
Penestomine spiders were first described from females only and placed in the family Eresidae. Discovery
of the male decades later brought surprises, especially in the morphology of the male pedipalp, which
features (among other things) a retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA). The presence of an RTA is synapomorphic
for a large clade of spiders exclusive of Eresidae. A molecular data matrix based on four loci was constructed
to test two alternative hypotheses: (1) penestomines are eresids and the RTA is convergent, or
(2) penestomines belong within the RTA clade. Taxon sampling concentrated on the Eresidae and the RTA
clade, especially outside of the Dionycha and Lycosoidea. Evolution of the cribellum, conventionally characterized
as a primitive araneomorph spinning organ lost multiple times, is explored. Parsimony optimization
indicates repeated appearances of the cribellum. Exploration of asymmetric rates of loss and gain
in both a likelihood framework and using a Sankoff matrix under parsimony reveals that cribellum
homology is supported when losses are two times more likely than gains. We suggest that when complicated
characters appear (under parsimony optimization) to evolve multiple times, investigators should
consider alternative reconstructions featuring a relatively high rate of loss. Evolution of other morphological
characters is also investigated. The results imply revised circumscription of some RTA-clade families,
including Agelenidae, Amaurobiidae, Cybaeidae, Dictynidae and Hahniidae. Some nomenclatural changes
are formally proposed here; others await further investigation. The family Penestomidae (NEW RANK) is
established. Tamgrinia, not Neoramia, is the cribellate sister clade of the ecribellate Agelenidae. Tamgrinia
and the subfamily Coelotinae are transferred from the family Amaurobiidae to the family Agelenidae.
Zanomys and its relatives are not coelotines but belong to a clade tentatively identified as Macrobuninae.